水污染物排放总量控制方法研究--以无锡城北地区为例

水环境已经成为整个苏南地区经济发展的制约因素之一,为实现经济效益与环境效益协调发展,对水污染物排放实行总量控制至关重要。在对无锡城北地区水污染物负荷、水环境现状及水环境功能充分调查的基础上,结合该区域的水文特征和排水规划,统计分析出区域内水污染物的排放总量,根据污水集中处理方案,计算出区域水污染物的削减量,然后运用河网水质模型,预测水污染物削减后河流水质改善状况,以改善后水环境质量为本底值,以下游水环境保护目标的环境功能为控制要求,反推该区域在污水实行集中处理后所能接纳的水污染物排放总量。通过科学计算得知区域水环境纳污能力为19.8 t/d,由此确定的经济规模有限,必将制约地方经济的发展,提出了扩大水环境纳污能力的有效途径,并提出了建设无锡地区污水入江通道的设想。     

Environmental monitoring and fuzzy synthetic evaluation of municipal solid waste transfer stations in Beijing in 2001 - 2006

Transfer station(TS)is an integral part of present-day municipal solid waste(MSW)management systems.To provide information for the incorporation of waste facilities within the current integrated waste management system,the authors measured the existing environmental quality at five MSW TSs.Discharged wastewater,air,and noise were monitored and assayed at the five TSs in Beijing in 2001-2006 during rainy seasons(RSs)and dry seasons(DSs).Except Ammonia(NH_3)and hydrogen sulfide(H_2S),the analytical results...     

Ecological risk assessment from the viewpoint of surface water pollution in Xiamen City,China

The ecological security of urban surface water is subject to significant risk due to rapid urbanization. Pollutant discharge and accumulation are among the most critical stressors endangering urban surface water and affecting the normal operation of urban aquatic ecosystem services. In this study, we assessed how pollutant accumulation stresses water purification systems, which perform important urban ecosystem services. First, we applied a water environmental capacity model to calculate thresholds of urban surface water environmental capacity under a given water quality target. Second, based on a stepwise regression method, an equation was used to describe the relationship between stressor factors (pollutant accumulation) and measurable socioeconomic indicators. Third, an ecological risk index was used as an assessment endpoint indicator to assess the negative ecological effect of pollutant accumulation. Finally, risk level was classified according to the risk quotient method. Taking Xiamen City as an example, we analyzed the contribution of different sources of pollutants and evaluated the urban ecological risk posed by two major contaminants present in the environment by measuring chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N). The results show that the ecological risk indexes of both COD and NH₄⁺-N are expected to decrease from 2020 to 2030; that of COD is expected to fall from medium to low, whereas that of NH₄⁺-N is expected to fall from high to medium. These findings demonstrate that the ecological risk posed to the surface water in Xiamen City can be reduced by controlling population growth, optimizing industrial structure, and promoting economic development.     

岛屿硬化集水面雨水弃流方案与分质收集策略研究

通过研究海南岛文昌市水泥屋顶和水泥路面上的雨水径流特征,建立了岛屿地区不同硬化集水面的雨水弃流方案和分质收集策略.在降雨初期,水泥路面和水泥屋顶均发生明显的冲刷效应,水泥路面雨水径流污染物浓度远高于水泥屋顶,且不同硬化集水面上前30%雨水中的污染物浓度均高于后70%的雨水.通过与相关水质指标对比得出,水泥屋顶雨水径流可作为饮用水水源,水泥路面雨水径流经处理可作为城市杂用水使用.通过建立雨水径流污染物累积-冲刷经验模型,可计算不同硬化集水面的弃流雨量,并以此为依据制定了弃流方案.以两种典型硬质化集水面径流污染物传输特征、水质特征和弃流方案为基础,分别提出了屋顶雨水收集方案和多种生态方法协同作用的路面雨水收集方案,可为岛屿地区的雨水收集利用方案提供参考依据.     

磁性高交联纳米吸附树脂的合成及其对酚类的吸附

采用油酸双层包覆Fe₃O₄纳米粒子,然后进行共聚和交联反应,制备出耐酸性的磁性高交联纳米吸附树脂YQ-3.YQ-3树脂的比表面积为653.5 m²·g^-1,平均孔径为4.12 nm,磁化强度为1.72 emμ·g^-1,具有超顺磁性.苯酚（PN）、对苯二酚（HN）、对硝基苯酚（PNP）在YQ-3上的吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程,主要通过疏水和 π-π作用进行吸附.3种酚的饱和吸附量顺序为PNP>PN>HN,与其疏水性顺序一致.准一级动力学和颗粒内模型适合拟合YQ-3对酚的吸附,由于YQ-3磁性树脂具有较小的粒径和丰富的中-大孔隙,其动力学速率比传统超高交联树脂更快.     

成都市河道表层沉积物(淤泥)铅污染特征

文章分析了成都市河道(沙河、府河、南河)表层沉积物淤泥铅含量特及铅同位素丰度比的测定数据,结果表明铅含量变化范围是21.1~279 mg/kg,平均值为65.3 mg/kg,中值55.2 mg/kg,统计标准差65.03,变异系数为0.996,说明河道表层沉积物含量变化大。端元物质的铅同位素组成特征是燃煤的放射成因铅高于燃油,可以示踪和鉴别成都市环境铅的污染来源。三河淤泥铅同位素组成均大多落在崔家店热电厂降尘和华能热电厂燃煤飞灰的范围,沙河、府河有少数几个样品点落在燃煤铅(崔家店热电厂燃煤降尘)和柴油铅之间,其铅的来源可能是两者的混合。     

New Criteria for Sustainable Water Quality Management1

Abstract: New criteria, pollutant load of unit area (PLUA), are developed for sustainable water quality management, which not only avoids degrading water quality but also considers the equity of development between different generations. A simulation‐optimization model is established to determine PLUA, in which uses the QUAL2E model to simulate pollutant transport and formulates a linear programming model to optimize the objective of maximal loads (carrying capacity). Two watersheds, the Touchen creek and the Keya creek, both in Taiwan, are taken as case studies. The PLUA criterion is applied to several existing projects which have passed environmental impact assessment (EIA). The results show that if the Hsinchu Science‐Based Industrial Park discharges wastewater to the Touchen creek, the total pollutant discharge of 85.6 kg/day exceeds the allocated load. Consequently, a waste reduction of at least 23.4% is required. Although these existing projects have passed EIA, most of them violate the criterion of PLUA and thus contribute to continued degradation of water quality. This study suggests developing PLUA as a part of the process of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) for watershed management plans and then applying it to EIA as a criterion for new project assessment. Furthermore, if carrying capacities of all pollutant discharges and resource uses can be translated into loads per unit of area, an integrated sustainable watershed management plan can be developed.     

我国排污收费制度及其价格体系的改革

目前,我国现行的单因子超标排污收费制度及其价格体系已不能适应现有的体制变化和日益发展的环境管理需要。本文阐述了尽快建立一个与当今市场机制相适应的、适合我国总量控制要求的多因子收费制度的重要性、迫切性与可行性,实现污染者直接承担其污染行为的全部责任;提出了制定动态、有效的收费价格体系的改革原则、构想与方法。     

文山盘龙河主要污染物变化分析

分析了文山盘龙河主要污染物、不同断位主要污染物变化、不同断面主要污染物的季节变化及年变化.     

海洋排污不容乐观--浅论海洋排污及海洋排污观

海洋容纳和消化污染物是有限的，而我们继续排放污染却是长久的，为了子孙后代和人类的可持续发展，应该从现在就在海洋能够自净的基础上控制污染物的排放。并且要认识到污染物在海洋中会损害和破坏海洋生态环境，也会影响到人类自身的生存安全。大海是人类最后的退路，保护海洋环境就是保护人类自己。大海不是没有被污染，而是正在被加速地污染。