长江上游典型农业源溪流溶存氧化亚氮(N2O)浓度特征及影响因素

随着农业非点源氮（N）污染的加剧,农田周边溪流成为重要的活性N汇和潜在的氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放源.为查明长江上游农业源溪流中溶存N₂O浓度的全年动态变化特征,于2014年12月~2015年10月开展紫色土丘陵区典型农田源头溪流N₂O浓度的连续采样观测,采用水-气顶空平衡-气相色谱法测定顶空气体中N₂O浓度,根据相关参数计算出本研究水体中的溶存N₂O浓度,并同步测定溪流水体物理化学指标,分析水中溶存N₂O浓度的主要影响因素.结果表明,长江上游紫色土丘陵区的典型农业源溪流的硝态氮（NO₃^--N）是最主要的活性N赋存形态（年均1.45 mg·L^-1）,溪流水体溶存N₂O质量浓度（以N计）全年平均为0.57 μg·L^-1（范围0.26~1.28 μg·L^-1）,冬、春、夏和秋季的均值分别为0.63、0.45、0.53和0.64 μg·L^-1,但季节间无显著差异.溪流水体溶存N₂O浓度全年都处于过度饱和状态（饱和度年平均为203.9%,范围109.7%~546.5%）,可见,农业源溪流全年均为潜在的N₂O释放源.溪流溶存N₂O浓度的变化主要由水体NO₃^--N浓度决定,N₂O的主要产生机制为反硝化作用;溪流季节平均N₂O饱和度在夏、秋季显著高于冬、春季,水中溶存N₂O饱和度的变化主要受水温和NO₃^--N浓度的共同影响.研究还发现农业源溪流中溶存N₂O浓度在4~10月（湿润季节）间波动明显,较强降雨可促使其水中NO₃^--N浓度在雨后短期内升高,进而促进水体反硝化作用,导致雨后溪流中溶存N₂O浓度的增加.     

基于水化学和氮氧双同位素的地下水硝酸盐源解析

为定性及定量识别地下水中氮的污染来源,比例及迁移转化特征,对河北省张家口市宣化区洋河北岸主要供水区的地下水进行取样分析.基于土地利用类型,综合利用水化学分析方法耦合δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-,δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-双同位素示踪技术对研究区地下水硝酸盐污染来源,贡献率及迁移转化规律进行判断.研究结果表明：研究区氮污染以NO₃^-为主,12处采样点4次采样过程中约77%超出世界卫生组织标准（10mg/L）的限值,其污染在2018年8月（夏季）较为严重,空间浓度插值结果显示硝酸盐呈现出沿河及远岸点位浓度相对较低,中间较为稳定区域浓度较高的空间特征,并表现出不同土地利用类型上污染程度的差异性：旱地浓度最高,城镇次之.稳定同位素模型（SIAR）显示地下水硝氮污染来源中粪肥及生活污水占45.37%,土壤氮来源为41.39%,降水和化肥中NH₄⁺来源占13.24%,与研究区以城镇和耕地为主的土地利用现状较为一致.此外,同位素特征值结果显示氮的迁移转化过程以硝化作用为主.文可为地下水氮的污染来源解析提供更加精准,全面的分析方法进而为污染的防治提供优先治理建议.     

千岛湖水体氮的垂向分布特征及来源解析

选取千岛湖水深0.2,5,10,20,30和40m处水样进行分析,利用氮氧同位素和稳定同位素模型（SIAR）研究千岛湖水体氮（N）的垂向分布特征,分析水体N的来源并计算各N源的贡献率.结果表明,硝酸盐（NO₃^-）和溶解性有机氮（DON）是千岛湖水体总溶解氮（TDN）的主要形式,分别占溶解态N的57.9%和39.7%.千岛湖水体δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-的平均值分别为4.5‰和4.3‰.上层水体（0~10m）中,硝化作用和浮游植物的同化作用共同控制水体N的形态组成和氮氧同位素值（δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-）的变化.中层水体（10~30m）中,硝化作用是主要的生物地球化学过程,使得水体NO₃^-含量增加而δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-值减小.底层水体（30~40m）受到硝化作用、底泥N释放和反硝化作用的共同影响.化肥是千岛湖水体NO₃^-的最主要来源,在S1和S2处的贡献率分别为51.9%和30.6%.新安江上游的农业面源污染使得S1处化肥贡献率远高于S2.土壤N是仅次于化肥的第二大水体NO₃^-来源,在S1和S2处的贡献率分别为17.8%和27.8%.此外,底泥对底层水体NO₃^-的贡献不可忽视.     

利用氮氧同位素解析赤水河流域水体硝酸盐来源及其时空变化特征

赤水河流域作为长江上游重要的水源涵养区,其生态环境状况及水环境质量备受关注。为了了解流域河水氮素来源,本次研究利用硝酸盐稳定同位素(~(15)N、~(18)O)示踪技术并结合流域土地利用类型空间分布分析了赤水河流域丰水期与枯水期干流及主要支流河水硝酸盐来源与转化过程。结果表明,流域水体NO_3~-浓度具有明显的时空变化,其中丰水期NO_3~-浓度要高于枯水期,喀斯特区域的NO_3~-浓度要高于非喀斯特区域。流域干、支流水体δ~(15)N-NO_3~-、δ~(18)O-NO_3~-季节性差异明显,丰水期支流δ~(15)N-NO_3~-差异较大,干流差异较小,而枯水期支流δ~(15)N-NO_3~-差异较小,干流差异较大。结合氮氧同位素和土地利用信息发现,丰水期支流NO_3~-受其土地利用方式的影响,其来源具有多样性;干流NO_3~-浓度则主要受支流混合作用影响。枯水期干流NO_3~-受流域人为活动影响较为显著,点源输入造成水体氮同位素分布范围较宽,主要来源表现为生活污水和土壤有机氮;而支流NO_3~-多表现为土壤有机氮来源,部分支流受流域内城镇影响,生活污水对河流NO_3~-贡献较大。流域水体氮污染控制应以农业面源氮流失为主,同时严格控制点源污染的输入。     

微藻无机氮利用过程中的稳定氮同位素分馏

选用两种δ15N差异显著的铵态氮和硝态氮,分别设置不同浓度的铵态氮和硝态氮来处理莱茵衣藻和蛋白核小球藻,通过分析微藻的稳定氮同位素组成变化,来研究微藻利用不同浓度、不同形态无机氮过程中的稳定氮同位素分馏特征。结果显示,在未添加无机氮的条件下,微藻利用有机氮时,生长缓慢,稳定氮同位素基本上不存在分馏;在添加低浓度无机氮(≤20 mmol/L)时,微藻的生长和稳定氮同位素分馏都随着无机氮浓度的增加而增加;而添加高浓度无机氮(20 mmol/L)时,微藻的生长趋于稳定,铵态氮条件下的微藻稳定氮同位素分馏继续加大,而硝态氮条件下的微藻稳定氮同位素分馏反而减小,可能与此时微藻硝酸还原酶的活力减小有关。     

氮和氧同位素示踪伊洛河河水硝酸盐来源及转化过程

河流硝酸盐(NO^-₃)浓度及氮和氧同位素组成(δ¹⁵N-NO^-₃和δ¹⁸O-NO^-₃)可以辨识河水NO^-₃受自然过程和人为输入的影响,但流域不同土地利用方式对河水NO^-₃来源及转化过程的影响尚不明确,特别是山区人为输入对河水NO^-₃的影响仍不清楚.选择土地利用空间异质性显著的伊河和洛河作为研究对象,借助水体水化学组成,氢氧同位素(δD-H₂O和δ¹⁸O-H₂O)、δ¹⁵N-NO^-₃和δ¹⁸O-NO^-₃,辨识不同土地利用方式影响下河水NO^-₃来源及...     

RELATIONSHIP OF NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS TO DISTANCE OF WELL SCREEN OPENINGS BELOW CASING WATER LEVELS1

ABSTRACT: Data from 54 well in central and eastern Kansas developed in unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age indicate that nitrate concentrations are inversely related to the depth of the well screen opening below the water level in the well casing because this relationship was found to exist in an area of Nebraska and in a large area of Kansas, the relationship is generally valid over a wide geo- graphical area. In addition, the data indicate that the incidence of nitrate concentrations exceeding 45 milligrams per liter and nitrate concentrations, in general, are significantly lower in water from wells with screens deeper than 25 feet below the water table in unconfined aquifers or where screens are placed in deep confined aquifers. No concentrations of nitrate greater than 45 milligrams per liter were in obseved wells where screens were deeper than 60 feet below the casing water level. These findings suggest that general placement of well screens as far below the water table as possible in unconfined unconsolidated aquifers in Kansas. and possibly other areas of the Midwest, may be an effective measure in preventing undesirable nitrate concentrations in ground water supplies. particularly in areas where nitrate is a problem.     

Seasonal variations of Rn concentrations in the air of a tunnel located in Nagano city

The seasonal variation of 222Rn concentrations in the air of tunnels constructed during World War II at Nagano City has been investigated. The determination of 222Rn concentrations in tunnel air was performed using a solid-state nuclear track detector technique. The monthly radon concentrations changed smoothly, decreasing towards winter and increasing towards summer, and it was found that the concentrations strongly correlate with the temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the tunnel. In the innermost areas of the tunnel, the maximum concentration was observed in July, its value being about 6500 Bq m (-3). The concentrations of radon in the tunnel air decrease exponentially towards the openings of the tunnel, which indicates that the radon concentration in the tunnel is basically governed by diffusion and mixing of radon gas with air. These observations lead to the conclusion that the seasonal variation of the radon concentration in the tunnel air is mainly caused by a convection current due to a stack effect induced by the temperature difference between the tunnel air and the outside air.     

反硝化生物膜对PBS表面形态及化学组分的影响

PBS是一种新型的可生物降解聚合物(BDPs),可以用做反硝化碳源和生物膜载体,去除饮用水源水中的硝酸盐.利用红外光谱和扫描电子显微镜对反硝化生物膜生长前后PBS颗粒表面形态、化学组成的变化进行了分析.结果表明,PBS仅在微生物作用下降解并为反硝化菌提供碳源.PBS颗粒可以在12 h内使进水中53 mg·L^-1的硝态氮降低到10 mg·L^-1以下(我国饮用水水质标准为:NO₃^--N<15 mg·L^-1).红外光谱表明,反硝化微生物附着生长后其PBS在2 925 cm^-1和2 850 cm^-1附近的吸收带以及3 200 cm^-1～3 410 cm^-1处峰值减弱,说明PBS材料中甲基、羟基官能团比例下降,而其它官能团没有发生明显的变化,PBS的主要单体组分淀粉和乙烯都可以被反硝化微生物用作碳源.扫描电子显微镜观察结果表明,反硝化生物膜附着生长后,PBS颗粒表面会出现空洞,扩大了生物膜生物附着生长的表面积,有利于形成致密的反硝化生物膜,对反硝化菌形成保护作用.     

EFFECTS OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT ON THE QUALITY OF WHITE RIVER,INDIANA1

ABSTRACT: In 1983, the City of Indianapolis, Indiana, completed construction of advanced wastewater treatment (AWT) systems to enlarge and upgrade its existing Belmont Road and South port Road secondary treatment plants. A nonparametric statistical procedure, a modified form of the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank-sum test, was used to test for trends in water quality at two upstream and two downstream sites on White River and at the two treatment plants. Results comparing the pre- (1978–1980) and post- (1983–1986) AWT periods show statistically significant improvements in the quality of the treated effluent and of the White River downstream from the plants. Water quality at sites upstream from the city was relatively constant during the period of study. Total ammonia (as N) decreased 14.6 mg/L and BOD₅ (five-day biochemical oxygen demand) decreased 10 to 19 mg/L in the two effluents. Total ammonia in the river downstream from the plants decreased 0.8 to 1.9 mg/L and BOD₅ decreased 2.3 to 2.5 mg/L. Nitrate (as N) increased 14.5 mg/L in the plant effluents and 2.0 to 2.4 mg/L in the river because of in-plant nitrification. Dissolved oxygen concentration in the river increased about 3 mg/L because of reduced oxygen demand for nitrification and biochemical oxidation processes.