低浓度下4个取代苯污染物与硝酸铅的混合对发光菌的联合毒性

多种污染物混合特别是低浓度下的混合对生物的联合毒性是生态毒理学研究的热点之一。选择了3类污染物苯酚、间甲基苯酚、苯胺、对硝基苯胺、硝酸铅,采用美国微板光度计测定了它们对发光菌青海弧菌-Q67(Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67)的单一及联合毒性。应用非线性拟合技术模拟了这5种物质及其混合物的剂量-效应曲线,硝酸铅可用Logit模型模拟,其它4个物质能用Weibull模型准确描述,所有拟合相关系数在0.98以上,均方根误差在0.02以下。根据纯物质的EC50值,获得这5个物质的毒性强弱顺序:硝酸铅〉对硝基苯胺间甲基苯酚苯酚苯胺。混合实验设计了各物质在EC50、EC1、无观察效应浓度(no observed effect concentration,NOEC)比例的混合。用浓度加和(dose addition,DA)和独立作用模型(independent action,IA)对混合物毒性进行预测。IA基本准确预测了这5个物质在各自EC50混合的毒性。DA与IA模型都稍微过高地预测了以EC1及NOEC浓度比例混合的联合毒性,但都在毒理学实验容许的范围之内。这5个物质以NOEC混合时对测试生物Q67没有产生明显毒性,但是还不能判定这些物质在此浓度下混合是安全的。污染物在各自的NOEC浓度下混合是否对其它生物有潜在的威胁还需更多毒理学实验支持。     

The in situ treatment of TCE and PFAS in groundwater within a silty sand aquifer

Chlorinated ethenes such as trichloroethene (TCE), cis‐1,2‐dichloroethene (cis‐1,2‐DCE), and vinyl chloride along with per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been identified as chemicals of concern in groundwater; with many of the compounds being confirmed as being carcinogens or suspected carcinogens. While there are a variety of demonstrated in‐situ technologies for the treatment of chlorinated ethenes, there are limited technologies available to treat PFAS in groundwater. At a former industrial site shallow groundwater was impacted with TCE, cis‐1,2‐DCE, and vinyl chloride at concentrations up to 985, 258, and 54 µg/L, respectively. The groundwater also contained maximum concentrations of the following PFAS: 12,800 ng/L of perfluoropentanoic acid, 3,240 ng/L of perfluorohexanoic acid, 795 ng/L of perfluorobutanoic acid, 950 ng/L of perfluorooctanoic acid, and 2,140 ng/L of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. Using a combination of adsorption, biotic, and abiotic degradation in situ remedial approaches, the chemicals of concern were targeted for removal from the groundwater with adsorption being utilized for PFAS whereas adsorption, chemical reduction, and anaerobic biodegradation were used for the chlorinated ethenes. Sampling of the groundwater over a 24‐month period indicated that the detected PFAS were treated to either their detection, or below the analytical detection limit over the monitoring period. Postinjection results for TCE, cis‐1,2‐DCE, and vinyl chloride indicated that the concentrations of the three compounds decreased by an order of magnitude within 4 months of injection, with TCE decreasing to below the analytical detection limit over the 24‐month monitoring period. Cis‐1,2‐DCE, and vinyl chloride concentrations decreased by over 99% within 8 months of injections, remaining at or below these concentrations during the 24‐month monitoring period. Analyses of Dehalococcoides, ethene, and acetylene over time suggest that microbiological and reductive dechlorination were occurring in conjunction with adsorption to attenuate the chlorinated ethenes and PFAS within the aquifer. Analysis of soil cores collected pre‐ and post‐injection, indicated that the distribution of the colloidal activated carbon was influenced by small scale heterogeneities within the aquifer. However, all aquifer samples collected within the targeted injection zone contained total organic carbon at concentrations at least one order of magnitude greater than the preinjection total organic carbon concentrations.     

电磁辐射职业危害及防护对策

科技飞速发展的今天,射频及微波技术已经广泛应用于国民经济的各个领域,这使得越来越多的从业人员在工作场所受到电磁辐射污染的影响。本文总结归纳了我国电磁辐射职业危害状况,分析了现代企业电磁辐射防护的新特点,并提出企业电磁辐射防护对策。     

强化预处理人工湿地的研究

本文采用自主设计的强化预处理人工湿地装置进行处理低浓度农村生活污水的研究,针对人工湿地堵塞问题,考察了运用强化预处理装置(海绵装置和滤布装置)对污水进行预处理来预防湿地的堵塞,并且在水力停留时间为1d的工况下,研究了湿地装置对污水的净化效果.结果表明:运用强化预处理装置后,不仅能有效防止湿地堵塞而且不影响湿地对污水的净化效果,强化预处理湿地装置对CODCr、SS、NH4+-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为67.14％,90.39％,64.12％,70.13％和67.98％,出水CODCr、SS、NH4+-N、TN、TP均可满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》 (GB18918-2002)的一级B要求,在我国广大农村地区的分散式污水处理中具有良好的应用前景.     

Adaptation in situ or retreat? A multivariate approach to explore the factors that guide the peoples' preference against the impacts of sea level rise in coastal Bangladesh

This paper is aimed to identify the factors that influence peoples' preference for adaptation against the impacts of sea level rise (SLR). A total of 285 respondents from three coastal villages in Bangladesh are randomly interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. First, employing the principal component analysis various factors that influence adaptation preferences of people are identified. These factors are related to “demographic and social aspects”, “wealth and economic standing”, “past coping and adaptive behaviour”, “climate knowledge and information” and “spatial aspect” of life. What is common in these factors is their ability to influence peoples' vulnerability. Finally, the binomial logistic regression model is employed to compute the explanatory power of these factors to predict the respondents' preference for adaptation in situ over retreat or vice versa. Model findings are robust for two scenarios of SLR, i.e. 2050–2075 (LR χ ²?=?133.65, pseudo-R ²?=?0.53, p?<?0.001) and 2080–2100 (LR χ ²?=?282.61, pseudo-R ²?=?0.85, p?<?0.001). Therefore, it is concluded that to avoid relocation of substantial number of people initiative for encouraging adaptation in situ must be taken along side establishment of safe shelter, community radio service and campaign for raising climate awareness.     

山海关海岸带盐生种子植物调查及生态应用探讨

对山海关滨海盐生植物及盐生植被景观和群落配置情况进行实地调查并参考历史文献,发现山海关滨海湿地共有盐生种子植物26科44属51种。结合山海关海岸带的气候、土壤理化性质及土地覆盖和利用的现状,选择乔、灌木类盐生植物3种,藤本类盐生植物1种,中生草本盐生植物5种,旱生草本盐生植物2种,湿生植物4种,共计15种作为滨海地区盐碱地改良和植被恢复的野生植物种类。     

秦岭火地塘森林水质的季节性变化特征

在秦岭火地塘林区选择2个闭合小流域及2个支沟集水区,对流域出口径流及支沟集水区溪流水pH值及水化学成分进行了8 a的测试,采用机理分析方法,就森林水质的季节性变化特征进行了研究.结果表明,林区径流pH值在7.1～8.4之间,冬、春季较高,夏、秋季较低,总体上水呈弱碱性;NO-3浓度春季和初夏较高,NH 4冬季和初春较高,PO3-4冬季与夏季较高;K 浓度春、秋季较高,Na 浓度则9月最大,8月最小;Ca2 浓度以6月和10月较高,年内变化范围19.4～44.3 mg·L-1,Mg2 则3月较高,年内变化范围2.18～5.25 mg·L-1;Cd浓度随季节的变化以1～4月较高,Pb浓度12、1月较高,但Cd、Pb均以秋季较低,年内变化范围分别为0.019～0.326 5 μg稬-1和0.217～3.886 μh稬-1;Mn浓度5、12月较高,Fe浓度春季较高,Zn则以3、8月较高.林区径流水质属Ⅰ类,相对而言,水质随季节的变化以秋季较好,冬、春季较差.     

一株好氧反硝化细菌的分离鉴定及反硝化能力

利用驯化活性污泥的方法筛选出一株好氧反硝化细菌G3,该菌在碳源充足且溶解氧为(4.0±1.0)mg·L-1条件下,24h内对NO-2-N积累量为12.03 mg·L-1,对NO-3-N的去除率为91.09%.扫描电镜观察其形态特征为(0.4～0.6)μm×(1.2～2.0)μm的短杆菌.16SrDNA序列分析表明,该菌与Pseudomonas stutzeri的相似性为100%.利用MEGA软件对该菌株与已报道的相关微生物进行系统发育分析,并克隆出与好氧反硝化相关的周质硝酸盐还原酶的亚基napA基因,初步判定筛选菌株具有周质硝酸盐还原酶.     

硫/沸石固定床去除硝酸盐工艺研究

采用硫/沸石固定床反应器去除水中硝酸盐。实验结果表明,在硫/沸石固定床反应器内通过自养反硝化作用能使水体中硝酸盐得到有效的去除。在硫与沸石的体积比为1∶2,水力停留时间为2 h,进水COD为50 mg/L时,出水硝酸盐去除率可达到95%以上;不外加碳源,总氮的去除率仍可达80%以上;在不投加CaCO3的情况下,出水pH可始终保持7.0;温度对该反应器硝酸盐的去除率影响不大,进水水温为12℃时总氮（TN）去除率仍可达91.1%。     

反硝化聚磷菌的富集及富集污泥活性研究

依据DPB原理,利用SBR动态反应器和静态释/聚磷装置。以A2/O厌氧段污泥为种泥,进行以硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌的富集,并对富集有反硝化聚磷菌的污泥进行了反硝化聚磷活性性能考察。结果表明,利用硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌存在于A2/O厌氧段污泥中,反硝化聚磷菌占总聚磷菌的比例为23%,该种污泥可作为反硝化聚磷工艺的种泥;由于常规的聚磷菌被淘汰聚磷菌的数量由6.8×107个/mL减少到1.1×103个/mL,但通过选择和富集聚磷菌总数由1.1×103个/mL增加到8.2×104个/mL,且反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌总数的比例也由23%提高到94%,磷酸盐去除率由最初的9.86%上升到95.2%,出水磷酸盐的浓度为0.79mg/L;通过改变进水中不同磷酸盐浓度验证体系处于稳定状态。