IMPLICATIONS OF ON‐GROUND NITROGEN LOADING AND SOIL TRANSFORMATIONS ON GROUND WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a modeling approach based on a geographic information system (GIS) to estimate the variability of on‐ground nitrogen loading and the corresponding nitrate leaching to ground water. The methodology integrates all point and nonpoint sources of nitrogen, the national land cover database, soil nitrogen transformations, and the uncertainty of key soil and land use‐related parameters to predict the nitrate mass leaching to ground water. The analysis considered 21 different land use classes with information derived from nitrogen sources such as fertilizer and dairy manure applications, dairy lagoons, septic systems, and dry and wet depositions. Simulations were performed at a temporal resolution of one month to capture seasonal trends. The model was applied to a large aquifer of 376 square miles in Washington State that serves more than 100,000 residents with drinking water. The results showed that dairy manure is the main source of nitrogen in the area followed by fertilizers. It was also seen that nitrate leaching is controlled by the recharge rate, and there can be a substantial buildup of soil nitrogen over long periods of time. Uncertainty analysis showed that denitrification rate is the most influential parameter on nitrate leaching. The results showed that combining management alternatives is a successful strategy, especially with the use of nitrification inhibitors. Also, change in the land use pattern has a noticeable impact on nitrate leaching.     

电石渣浆处理与资源化

针对电石渣浆处理的工艺流程和资源化途径进行了效益分析,工程实践表明:电石渣浆处理后,浆水回用作为生产用水,降低了乙炔生产成本.同时彻底解决电石渣含水率高的问题,利于企业开展资源化,值得在乙炔行业推广.     

HAN基ECSP凝胶模型的构建与分子动力学模拟

目的 从微观分子的角度对硝酸羟胺(HAN)基电控固体推进剂(Electrically Controlled Solid Propellants,ECSP)的性能参数进行模拟与计算。方法 利用分子表面静电势(ESP)对HAN分子2种可能的构型进行优化和稳定性分析。通过真空非周期性分子动力学模拟得到聚乙烯醇(PVA)分子稳定构型,并以HAN基ECSP的主要成分按一定比例构建凝胶模型。基于RESP(Restrained Electrostatic Potential)电荷生成更准确的凝胶模型拓扑文件,并进行凝胶模型的分子动力学模拟、模型稳定分析以及模型参数计算。结果 凝胶模型总能量相对平均值的周期性波动不超过7%。由于三维PVA链的包裹,H2O分子的扩散系数被大幅削弱。氢键分析和径向分布函数表明氢键键长主要分布在0.282 6 nm附近,PVA与H2O间的氢键较少,H2O与HAN、H2O与H2O之间的氢键较多。模型密度为1.405 g/cm³,与实验值吻合度高。在283、293、303 K下,HAN基ECSP凝胶模型的拉伸模量依次降低,剪切模量先增后减。在15 K/600 ps冷却速率下,HAN基ECSP凝胶模型的拉伸模量和剪切模量均增大。结论 ECSP制备结束后,冷却过程中的环境温度不宜过高,否则容易造成ECSP力学性能的快速下降,快速冷却可以提高ECSP的力学性能。     

应用Modified Gompertz模型对城市生活垃圾沼气发酵的拟合研究

尽管Modified Gompertz模型与料菌比和发酵浓度之间没有直接的函数和变量关系,但是料菌比和浓度的变化必然导致Modified Gompertz模型参数的改变,因此可以通过Modified Gompertz模型参数的变化特征对料菌比和发酵浓度是否适宜作出合理的评价.据此本研究将采用中温批量发酵,分别设计单因素...     

乙醇对地下水中硝酸盐去除作用的研究

综述和比较了近年来利用不同碳源反硝化去除地下水中硝酸盐的研究成果,并着重于乙醇作为碳源的脱硝作用。从硝酸盐去除、亚硝酸盐积累、产生生物量等方面比较了不同碳源蔗糖、乙醇、甲醇、乙酸等的优缺点,最终认为乙醇是较为合适的碳源。阐述了该领域的研究进展,总结了影响反硝化进行的主要因素,指出目前乙醇反硝化去除硝酸盐存在的问题,同时对今后进一步的研究方向进行了展望。     

Performance of a water hyacinth （Eichhornia crassipes） system in the treatment of wastewater from a duck farm and the effects of using water hyacinth as duck feed

Nowadays, intensive breeding of poultry and livestock of large scale has made the treatment of its waste and wastewater an urgent environmental issue, which motivated this study. A wetland of 688 m2 was constructed on an egg duck farm, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was chosen as an aquatic plant for the wetland and used as food for duck production. The objectives of this study were to test the role of water hyacinth in purifying nutrient-rich wastewater and its effects on the ducks’ feed intake, egg laying performance and egg quality. This paper shows that the constructed wetland removed as much as 64.44% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 21.78% of total nitrogen (TN) and 23.02% of total phosphorus (TP). Both dissolved oxygen (DO) and the transparency of the wastewater were remarkably improved, with its transparency 2.5 times higher than that of the untreated wastewater. After the ducks were fed with water hyacinth, the average daily feed intake and the egg-laying ratio in the test group were 5.86% and 9.79% higher, respectively, than in the control group; the di erences were both significant at the 0.01 probability level. The egg weight in the test group was 2.36% higher than in the control group (P < 0.05), but the feed conversion ratios were almost the same. The eggshell thickness and strength were among the egg qualities significantly increased in ducks fed with water hyacinth.We concluded that a water hyacinth system was e ective for purifying wastewater from an intensive duck farm during the water hyacinth growing season, as harvested water hyacinth had an excellent performance as duck feed. We also discussed the limitations of the experiment.     

新乡市夏冬季节PM2.5稳定碳同位素特征分析

为了探究新乡市PM_2.5中δ¹³C比值的季节性变化特征及其对污染来源的指示作用,于2017年夏冬季节采集PM_2.5有效样品91个,并测定了样品中的总碳、水溶性离子和稳定碳同位素比值(δ¹³C).夏季和冬季的TC浓度平均值分别为11.78μg·m^-3和26.6μg·m^-3.夏季δ¹³C比值为-27.70‰～-25.22‰其中前14 d的δ¹³C比值波动较大平均值为-26.96‰,而后16d的δ¹³C比值相对稳定,平均值为-25.69‰,而且前半月和后半月火点数具有较大差异同时K_nss⁺浓度与TC质量浓度显著相关(R²=0.62,P<0.01)这说明夏收季节生物质燃烧可能对δ¹³C比值有显著影响.新乡地区冬季RH与TC/PM₂₅质量比值的显著负相关(R²=0....     

3D打印技术在固体废弃物资源循环中的应用

打印材料是限制3D打印技术发展和推广应用的瓶颈问题,目前已经发现部分固体废弃物与3D打印的契合度很高,可以用于制备3D打印材料.本文综述了4类可以用于3D打印的固体废弃物,包括硅铝基废弃物、农林废弃物、废旧塑料和废旧金属,着重讨论了这4类废弃物制备3D打印材料的方法以及废弃物的添加对原打印材料造成的影响,同时分析了当前...     

前置反硝化生物滤池深度脱氮效能与影响因素

前置反硝化生物滤池具有良好的脱氮性能,被广泛用于污水的深度处理。采用该工艺对城市污水处理厂尾水进行深度处理,通过调节硝化液回流比（50%、100%、150%）和水力负荷（1.0、1.5和2.0 m3·（m2·h）-1）,考察前置反硝化生物滤池工艺对COD、TN、NH4+-N的去除效果。结果表明,当硝化液回流比为100%时,系统对污染物去除效果最好。在进水COD、TN、NH4+-N平均浓度为120、35和15 mg·L-1的水质条件下,出水COD、TN、NH4+-N平均浓度可降到7.62、5.02和0.60 mg·L-1,去除率分别为93.65%、85.65%和96.00%。在水力负荷为1.5 m3·（m2·h）-1条件下,系统对COD、TN和NH4+-N的平均去除率达到了83.00%、90.14%和95.73%,出水可以达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）一级A标准。     

矿山边坡绿化基质的优化配比

矿山边坡生态恢复和重建是矿区生态环境建设的有效途径,而绿化基质是矿山边坡生态恢复和重建的重要因素。基于正交实验和盆栽实验,以土壤、活性污泥、炉渣、粉煤灰、保水剂、尿素和秸秆等物质为基质原料,研究绿化基质的理化性质及出苗率特征。研究结果表明：与对照黄土相比,绿化基质pH相对较低,仍属于碱性土壤,而电导率、有机质和铵态氮相对较高,表明盐分和养分含量较高;污泥的配比含量是影响绿化基质入渗、蒸发、pH、电导率、有机质和出苗率等指标的关键因素;各因素对出苗率的影响强度从大到小依次为：污泥和粉煤灰、秸秆、土壤和炉渣、尿素、保水剂;基质的最优配比为：保水剂（11~15 g）、污泥和粉煤灰（150：600）、土壤和炉渣（375：375~600：150）、尿素（0 g）、秸秆（30 g）。