南方某城市供水管网红水原因调查与研究

针对南方某城市供水管网经常出现红水现象,对实际供水管网进行了调查.从某城市供水管网中连续取样检测溶解氧、余氯、铁浓度、锰浓度、铁细菌和亚硝酸菌等重要水质指标,目的是探讨管网出现红水的原因.结果表明,管网出现红水地区的沉淀物主要成分为铁、锰,出厂水存在锰超标现象（Mn最大值达到0.33 mg.L-1）,4个水厂出厂水拉森指数均〉1,4个水厂供水量及硫酸盐、电导率等供水水质指标存在较大的差别,管网中铁细菌及亚硝酸菌（100～103MPN.mL-1）存在水平较高.因此,出厂水本身腐蚀性是导致管网出现红水的潜在原因;其次,各水厂供水量和水质差异导致管网水在低溶解氧及低余氯条件下易发生红水现象;再者,管网中硝化作用严重,诱发微生物腐蚀供水管道.为此,针对上述原因提出控制管网红水现象的主要措施.     

晚期垃圾渗滤液短程硝化生物动力学研究

通过对亚硝化反应器中的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮变化趋势的试验研究,认为渗滤液中存在着可以转化成氨氮的有机氮,但有机氮的转化不是在瞬时完成的。利用劳伦斯-麦卡蒂模式求得模型参数为氨氮vmax=4.67 mg/(mg.d),Ks=464.4 mg/L,Y=0.1966 mg/mg,Kd=0.55384/d,通过模型得出了反应器内生物量浓度、出流水质与污泥龄的关系,以期为实际工程中垃圾渗滤液生物脱氮提供借鉴。     

Effect of wastewater COD/N ratio on aerobic nitrifying sludge granulation and microbial population shift

The effect of COD/N ratio on the granulation process and microbial population succession was investigated. Four identical sequencing batch reactors, R1, R2, R3 and R4, were operated with various initial COD/N ratios ranging from 0/200 to 800/200 (m/m). Ethanol was fed as the source of COD. Aerobic granules were successfully cultivated in R2 and R3, operating with the COD/N ratio of 200/200 and 400/200, respectively. Scanning electron microscope observations indicated that short rod-shaped and spherical bacteria were dominant in R2, while granules produced in R3 were surrounded with a large amount of filamentous bacteria. The average specific nitritation rate in R2 and R3 were 0.019 and 0.008 mg N/(mg MLVSS.hr), respectively. Fluorescence in situ hybridization results demonstrated that nitrifying bacteria population was enriched remarkably in R2. It indicated that nitrification ability and nitrifying bacteria population were enriched remarkably at low COD/N ratio. However, no granules were formed in R1 and R4 which might attribute to either limited or excessive extracellular polymeric substances production. This study contributed to a better understanding of the role of COD/N ratio in nitrifying sludge granulation.     

Effects of urea and (NH4)2SO4 on nitrification and acidification of Ultisols from Southern China

The mechanisms for the effects of ammonium-based fertilizers on soil acidification in subtropical regions are not well understood. Two Ultisols collected from cropland and a tea garden in Anhui and Jiangxi Provinces in subtropical southern China, respectively, were used to study the effects of urea and (NH₄)₂SO₄ on the nitrification and acidification of soils with incubation experiments. Nitrification occurred at very low pH with no N fertilizer added and led to lowering of the soil pH by 0.53 and 0.30 units for the soils from Jiangxi and Anhui, respectively. Addition of urea accelerated nitrification and soil acidification in both Ultisols; while nitrification was inhibited by the addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄, and greater input of (NH₄)₂SO₄ led to greater inhibition of nitrification. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) played an important role in nitrification in cropland soil under acidic conditions. Addition of urea increased the soil pH at the early stages of incubation due to hydrolysis and stimulated the increase in the AOB population, and thus accelerated nitrification and soil acidification. At the end of incubation, the pH of Ultisol from Jiangxi had decreased by 1.25, 1.54 and 1.84 units compared to maximum values for the treatments with 150, 300 and 400 mg/kg of urea-N added, respectively; the corresponding figures were 0.95, 1.25 and 1.69 for the Ultisol from Anhui. However, addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄ inhibited the increase in the AOB population and thus inhibited nitrification and soil acidification. Soil pH for the treatments with 300 and 400 mg/kg of (NH₄)₂SO₄-N remained almost constant during the incubation. AOB played an important role in nitrification of the cropland soil under acidic conditions. Addition of urea stimulated the increase in the AOB population and thus accelerated nitrification and soil acidification; while addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄ inhibited the increase in the AOB population and thus inhibited nitrification.     

凤眼莲对富营养化水体硝化、反硝化脱氮释放N2O的影响

以往有关大型水生漂浮植物消减富营养化水体氮(N)的研究主要侧重于植物对N的吸收效果,而忽略了硝化、反硝化反应途径对水体脱氮的贡献.基于此,本研究中借助具创新性的收集凤眼莲种植水体释放N₂O的装置和方法,通过模拟实验研究了凤眼莲对富营养化水体硝化、反硝化脱氮中间产物N₂O的影响.结果表明,凤眼莲可以促进富营养化水体的硝化、反硝化、成对硝化-反硝化反应过程,在本实验条件下凤眼莲种植水体在整个培养期内释放的N₂O气体浓度累积升高幅度较大,为453~4055 nL·L^-1(未加硝化抑制剂处理),通过释放N₂O而脱除氮素的量占整个水体N消减量的1.36%,为相应未种植凤眼莲水体的4.31倍.种植凤眼莲水体试验期间释放N₂O-N的量与水体氨态氮或硝态氮浓度的变化量均存在显著相关关系(p<0.05),说明N₂O释放量受到水体中NH₄⁺、NO₃^-浓度变化的影响.种植凤眼莲在实验中后期可以增加水体中硝化、反硝化细菌的数量,但其数量远低于凤眼莲根系附着的硝化反硝化细菌.水体中反硝化细菌数量与水体释放N₂O浓度之间并无显著相关性,说明种植凤眼莲水体反硝化脱氮释放N₂O过程可能主要是由根系共生微生物驱动的.     

同时硝化/反硝化除磷工艺的脱氮除磷效能

为实现同时硝化/反硝化除磷(SNDPR),在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中,采用厌氧/好氧和厌氧/缺氧/好氧2种运行模式驯化污泥,并考察了厌氧/低氧模式下SNDPR过程中COD、PHB、TP、TN、DO和电化学参数的变化规律。结果表明,经2阶段驯化,反硝化聚磷菌比例提升至85.9%,硝化速率达5.97 mg(/L.h),实现了反硝化除磷菌和硝化菌的良好共存;在厌氧/低氧模式下,SNDPR对低碳城市污水具有良好脱氮除磷效果,TP、TN和COD去除率达到93.7%、79%和87.7%;PHB与COD降解、TN降解和TP吸收有良好的相关性,也是SNDPR过程的碳源驱动力;pH和ORP曲线上"谷点"预示厌氧释磷结束,pH曲线"折点"指示SNDPR结束。     

镇江市新区第二污水处理厂入网企业废水毒性试验

镇江市新区第二污水厂进水主要是新区化工园区的混合化工废水,针对生化系统经常遭受异常进水或毒性物质冲击的情况,提出了以耗氧速率(OUR)及COD去除率和硝化速率评价污水可生物降解性的方法,以提高活性污泥系统的处理效率和运行管理水平。研究结果表明,六类化工企业废水的毒性大小顺序为农药类﹥电子类﹥染料类﹥造纸类﹥橡胶类﹥酒精类。     

Effect of selected herbicides on activities of microorganisms in soils

Abstract

With the exception of EPTC, herbicide treatments showed inhibitory effects on bacterial colony counts in a sandy loam soil for the first week. Monolinuron and simazine were stimulatory to the growth of fungi in the organic soil after 2 wk. None of the herbicide treatments affected nitrification during the first week of incubation. Except the treatment of EPTC in organic soil, all herbicides inhibited nitrification after 2 wk in both soils. All herbicide treatments stimulated SO₄ formation during the 8‐wk period in the sandy loam soil. Simazine and tridiphane also stimulated sulfur oxidation after 4 wk in an organic soil. With the exception of EPTC and nitrapyrin, no significant inhibitory effect on the amount of biomass‐C was observed in the organic soil. A stimulatory effect on denitrification was observed with EPTC for 2 wk and monolinuron for 1 wk in the sandy loam soil and with simazine and tridiphane after 2 wk in the organic soil. It is apparent that the indigenous soil microorganisms can tolerate the effects of the chemicals for control of soil weeds.     

城市污水厂尾水受纳河段沉积物脲酶活性及硝化潜力分析

为探究城市污水厂尾水排放对河流沉积物氮素滞留的影响,在合肥市的南淝河、十五里河、塘西河、板桥河和廿埠河各选取一个河段,分3个季节采集尾水排放口上、下游一定范围的河道表层沉积物,解析沉积物脲酶活性、硝化潜力及其变化特征,并对沉积物脲酶活性对外源碳的响应开展定量化分析.结果表明,5个尾水受纳河段排放口下游河道沉积物TN、NH₄⁺-N含量都不同程度的低于上游对照点,多数受纳河段沉积物NO₃^--N和OM含量下降,TP则大都不同程度的升高.绝大多数受纳河段尾水排放口下游沉积物脲酶活性低于上游对照点,甚至离尾水排放口距离越近的采样点位脲酶活性越低.5个尾水受纳河段不同程度表现出沉积物脲酶活性随外源碳浓度梯度增大的特点,表明河段沉积物脲酶活性存在一定的碳限制性.南淝河、十五里河和塘西河河段尾水排放口下游所有采样点沉积物硝化速率均高于上游对照点,而板桥河、 廿埠河河段则相反.总体上,各尾水受纳河段排放口上游对照点与下游采样点的沉积物脲酶活性、硝化潜力和硝化活性差异性不显著.