强电离放电脱除NO的化学反应动力学模拟

强电离放电脱除NO是集化学、物理学和环境工程学为一体的交叉学科,其脱除过程本质上是等离子体中进行的一系列微观过程,难以通过实验进行直接研究。故通过建立强电离放电脱除模拟烟气中NO的化学模型并运用MATLAB对其进行数值模拟以探讨NO的去除机理。数值模拟结果表明,在800 μs内产生大量·O和·OH,而仅产生少量·N,由此可知NO的去除主要是通过与·O和·OH的氧化反应生成HNO3实现的,在脱除过程中NO先被氧化成NO2,再进一步被转化成HNO3。同时,通过实验验证了所建立模型的合理性。实验结果表明：随着NO初始浓度的增加,NO脱除效率逐渐下降;随着含氧量的增加,NO脱除效率显著增大。     

影响活性污泥脱氮效率的因素

活性污泥对氮的去除主要通过硝化和反硝化作用来进行。温度、pH、溶解氧浓度、污泥龄、毒性物质、污水性质(有机物含量、氮浓度)都会对系统脱氮能力产生影响。一般较高的pH、延长污泥龄、较低的溶解氧浓度和较低的有机碳浓度均能提高系统的硝化能力,反硝化/硝化系统具有投资省、脱氮效率高等优点。除甲醇外,其它一些工业废弃物也可作为促进反硝化作用的碳源。由于厌氧环境有利于反硝化作用,所以厌氧/好氧(A/O)法和间歇式活性污泥法(SBR)具有极高的脱氮效率。     

湿法脱硫2台增压风机并联运行调试技术探讨

介绍了大装机容量机组湿法烟气脱硫系统采用的2台增压风机并联运行技术,从调试方法上探讨如何对双风机并联运行技术在应用中存在的“抢风”问题进行控制,这对同类型工程项目有一定的借鉴意义。     

WATER TREATMENT PLANT STAGING POLICY1

Economics of treatment plant staging or capacity expansions is governed by the initial water demand rate, Q₀; the anticipated demand growth rate, G; the discount rate, D; the cost of operation, maintenance, and repair (OMR); the useful plant life, T, as a function of the quality of design, construction, and OMR; the treatment plant load factor, L_f; the salvage value of the plant at the end of the project period; the efficiency of the plant-staging design, eta; and the length of the project period, T_s. Various staging policies are investigated to find an optimal policy. The desirability of adopting a staging policy is governed by the magnitude of percent savings that can be achieved by adopting this policy instead of a no-staging policy. A detailed analysis of the problem shows that the percent savings because of staging increase with an increase in Q, G, D, T, and eta;. A reduction in the plant load factor increases the total costs. Information about the effect of variation in the parameters should help the planner and designer to work out an economical schedule of treatment plant capacity expansions.     

Effects of initial iron corrosion rate on long-term performance of iron permeable reactive barriers: Column experiments and numerical simulation

Column experiments and numerical simulation were conducted to test the hypothesis that iron material having a high corrosion rate is not beneficial for the long-term performance of iron permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) because of faster passivation of iron and greater porosity loss close to the influent face of the PRBs. Four iron materials (Connelly, Gotthart-Maier, Peerless, and ISPAT) were used for the column experiments, and the changes in reactivity toward cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) degradation in the presence of dissolved CaCO₃ were evaluated. The experimental results showed that the difference in distribution of the accumulated precipitates, resulting from differences in iron corrosion rate, caused a difference in the migration rate of the cis-DCE profiles and a significant difference in the pattern of passivation, indicating a faster passivation in the region close to the influent end for the material having a higher corrosion rate. For the numerical simulation, the accumulation of secondary minerals and reactivity loss of iron were coupled using an empirically-derived relationship that was incorporated into a multi-component reactive transport model. The simulation results provided a reasonable representation of the evolution of iron reactivity toward cis-DCE treatment and the changes in geochemical conditions for each material, consistent with the observed data. The simulations for long-term performance were also conducted to further test the hypothesis and predict the differences in performance over a period of 40 years under typical groundwater conditions. The predictions showed that the cases of higher iron corrosion rates had earlier cis-DCE breakthrough and more reduction in porosity starting from near the influent face, due to more accumulation of carbonate minerals in that region. Therefore, both the experimental and simulation results appear to support the hypothesis and suggest that reactivity changes of iron materials resulting from evolution of geochemical conditions should be considered in the design of iron PRBs.     

生物快滤池深度处理城市污水的性能及pH值变化规律

采用生物快滤池对城市污水厂二级出水进行深度处理的试验表明,生物快滤池对进水水质变化有很大的适应性,除卫生学指标外,其它指标出水绝大部分时间可满足生活杂用水水质标准(CJ25.1-89)中的洗车标准。随着进水水质的不同,生物快滤池中生化反应类型也随之变化,相应地滤池出水pH值也有不同的变化规律。可以通过生物快滤池进出水pH值的变化情况来判断滤池内生化反应类型和COD或氨氮指标的去除效果。     

地下停车场VOCs污染特征与健康风险评价

机动车尾气和蒸发排放的VOCs在地下停车场的半密闭环境中不断积累,威胁居民健康.为探究停车场内挥发性有机物（VOCs）浓度水平和变化特征与车队活动水平之间的关系,阐明其对居民健康的影响,选取天津市某居民小区地下停车场,开展了为期9d的VOCs样品采集,利用臭氧生成潜势（OFPs）,·OH反应速率（L_·OH）和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势（SOAPs）综合评价停车场内VOCs大气反应活性,对人体健康风险进行评价.结果表明：①停车场内VOCs浓度和组分变化主要受车队活动影响,工作日和周末的浓度峰值均与进场和出场车流峰值同步出现,即早晚高峰时段,工作日和周末早高峰浓度分别为（463.76±148.42）μg·m^-3和（391.47±135.37）μg·m^-3,晚高峰为（334.29±176.57）μg·m^-3和（416.20±134.64）μg·m^-3.停车场夜间几乎没有车辆活动,但夜间ρ（VOCs）［工作日（320.33±115.57）μg·m^-3;周末（364.77±155.32）μg·m^-3］仍高于午间［工作日（255.76±103.65）μg·m^-3;周末（350.91±108.73）μg·m^-3］,且夜间时段烯炔烃质量分数明显高于其他时段,这是由于夜间车辆静置时发生昼间排放产生较多的烯烃.②烯炔烃和芳香烃对OFPs和L_·OH贡献率最大（84.10%~88.04%）,芳香烃对各时间段的SOAPs贡献率最大（98.03%~98.99%）,说明芳香烃和烯炔烃的大气反应活性强且广泛存在于机动车源,是提高排放标准、升级油品时需首要考虑降低的关键组分.③健康风险评价结果表明,停车场内VOCs非致癌风险危险指数（HI）：0.19~0.55,暂无健康风险.而各时间段致癌风险均超过阈值（1×10^-6）1.56~3.11倍,停车场作为居民每天必经场所,应开启机械通风措施保证其中空气流通性.     

我国畜禽粪便重金属含量特征及土壤累积风险分析

由于饲料中微量元素的添加,造成畜禽粪便中重金属元素的环境污染风险增高.本文通过各地畜禽粪便样品采集分析和文献查阅等途径,搭建了我国畜禽粪便重金属元素含量数据库,使用统计学方法系统分析了我国畜禽粪便中重金属含量特征及不同来源畜禽粪便重金属的含量差异;在此基础上,借助农田土壤重金属流动模型进行情景分析,定量了施用畜禽粪便时土壤中主要污染元素的累积速率和对应的最大施用年限.结果表明,我国畜禽粪便中各重金属元素含量分布为偏态分布,镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和镍(Ni)的含量(mg·kg~(-1))范围分别为未检出(ND)～147、ND～1 919、0. 003～2 278、ND～978、ND～103、ND～1 747、ND～11 547和1. 22～1 140,均值(中位值,mg·kg~(-1))分别为2. 31(0. 72)、13. 5(8. 96)、36. 3(12. 0)、14. 0(3. 52)、0. 97(0. 07)、282(115)、656(366)和21. 8(13. 1),均值比中位值高1～13倍.依据我国有机肥行业标准NY 525-2012,畜禽粪便中Cd、Pb、Cr、As和Hg的超标率分别为12. 3%、2. 58%、2. 76%、20. 6%和3. 69%;按照德国腐熟堆肥标准,Cu、Zn和Ni的超标率分别为53. 9%、45. 7%和0. 59%.我国畜禽粪便中Cd、As、Cu和Zn的超标率比较高,达到10%以上.不同区域畜禽粪便重金属含量也有明显差异,山东省畜禽粪便As、Cd平均含量最高,分别是全国平均含量的1. 7倍和10. 1倍,江西省畜禽粪便Cu、Zn含量相对最高,分别是全国含量均值的2. 1倍和2. 4倍;华东沿海地区畜禽粪便重金属含量相对较高.不同来源畜禽粪便重金属含量存在一定差异,猪粪中Cd、As、Hg、Cu、Zn、Ni这6种元素平均含量分别是牛、羊、家禽粪便的1. 0～3. 0、1. 8～6. 8、1. 1～15. 8、4. 9～17. 5、2. 7～12. 0和1. 7～2. 1倍;家禽粪的Pb含量最高,其均值分别是对应猪、牛、羊粪便的2. 8、2. 5和2. 2倍.进一步预测施用不同来源动物粪便后土壤重金属累积风险,发现超过90%的情形下,Cd的累积速率低于0. 02 mg·(kg·a)~(-1); Pb累积速率均低于0. 15 mg·(kg·a)~(-1),施用家禽粪便情景下Cr累积速率最大,最大值达到了0. 28 mg·(kg·a)~(-1).     

固定污染源烟气流速手工监测方法改进研究

以上海市三家电厂为例,应用实测数据比对、验证了流速手工监测方法的改进效果,结果表明,改进试验中三家电厂所取点位计算得出的流速值与标准方法测出流速值之间的相对误差较小,各厂可选取相应点位作为流速监测点位。     

Relationship between filtration activity and food availability in the Mediterranean mussel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mytilus galloprovincialis</Emphasis>

The filtration activity of the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, was assessed under different concentrations and compositions of seston by using a new automated image acquisition and analysis system. This approach allowed for frequent and simultaneous measurements of valve gape and exhalant siphon area. Filtration rates were measured through clearance measurements whereas pumping rates were measured using hot-film probes. The average filtration rate (17.5 l g h⁻¹ DW⁻¹ for a 0.36 g DW mussel) recorded during the present study was higher than those available for Mytilus edulis when standardized to flesh dry weight but almost equivalent (17.5 l h⁻¹ g DW⁻¹ for a 53 mm shell length mussel) to those rates when standardized to shell length. Immediately after the addition of algal cells (Isochrysis galbana; 4.5 μm in size), valve gape, exhalant siphon area and filtration rate increased quickly as mussels reached their maximum filtration activity. These three parameters then gradually decreased until complete closure of the shell. The algal cell concentration inducing this transition was close to 800 cells ml⁻¹ and 0.5 μg Chl a l⁻¹. When algal concentration was maintained above this threshold by successive algal additions, both valve gape and exhalant siphon area remained maximal. Temporal changes in the exhalant siphon area were continuous as opposed to those of valve gape. Therefore, despite the significant correlation between these two parameters, valves and siphon were sometimes dissociated due to a reduction of the area or even a closure of the exhalant siphon while the valves remained open. The velocity of exhaled water tended to be constant irrespective of exhalant siphon area and thus pumping rates were a linear function of exhalant siphon area. Consequently, reductions in exhalant siphon area and pumping rate were almost similar in M. galloprovincialis. Our results thus clearly support the hypothesis that exhalant siphon area constitutes a better proxy of pumping rate than valve gape as already suggested for Mytilus edulis. Finally, the high filtration rates measured during the present study together with the high concentrations of inorganic matter (> 40 mg DW l⁻¹) requested to alter those rates suggest that the studied mussels were well adapted to oligotrophic waters featuring strong hydrodynamism and frequent sediment resuspension events.