铜仁土壤-水稻重金属积累效应与安全种植区划

铜仁市有色金属矿业活动频繁,为了解贵州省铜仁地区土壤-水稻重金属积累与迁移转化状况,开展水稻安全种植区划,共采集水田土壤和相应稻米样品230组,并测试重金属和土壤理化性质等.通过单因子指数法对稻米样品进行评价,并结合土壤环境质量和食品污染物限量提出安全种植区划方法.结果表明:①水田土壤pH在4.4～7.9之间,ω(As)、ω(Cd)、ω(Cu)、ω(Hg)、ω(Ni)和ω(Zn)平均值分别为 12.94、0.343、30.53、3.869、30.32和 110.0 mg-kg-1,其中 As、Cd、Hg 和 Zn与环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准中的筛选值相比,超标11.7％、10.9％、53.0％和3.04％.②稻米中ω(As)、ω(Cd)、ω(Cu)、ω(Hg)、ω(Ni)和 a(Zn)的表征值为0.056、0.017、1.445、0.010、0.215和 17.59 mg·kg-1;与国家食品安全标准(GB 2762-2017)相比,稻米样品中As、Cd和Hg含量超标达15.7％、3.04％和19.1％.其As超标点位主要集中分布于松桃县,Hg主要分布于碧江和万山区.③稻米富集系数大小顺序为:Zn＞Cd＞Cu＞Hg＞As=Ni,稻米对于Zn的吸收富集能力最强.④研究区大部分区域均属于优先保护类,安全利用类集中分布在铜仁东部,严格管控类零星分布于碧江区、万山区和江口县等地.结果表明,铜仁市部分地区土壤存在重金属污染,同时水稻的安全种植也存在一定风险.     

基于大田试验的铅镉复合污染土壤中甜糯玉米低积累特性

为筛选适合在铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）复合污染土壤种植的低积累特性甜糯玉米品种,选取39个玉米品种,通过大田试验,研究其籽粒和秸秆对Pb和Cd的富集特性和差异.将玉米产量、富集系数和基于土壤Pb和Cd风险阈值的方法作为筛选低积累玉米品种的评价指标.结果表明,不同品种玉米的产量、籽粒和秸秆的Pb和Cd含量之间存在显著差异（P<0.05）.籽粒对Pb和Cd的富集系数分别为0.00003~0.00230和0.01~0.15,秸秆对Pb和Cd的富集系数分别为0.003~0.065和0.64~4.28.通过对不同玉米富集系数的聚类分析,综合不同品种玉米的土壤Pb和Cd风险阈值得出,惠甜5号、新美甜818和玉糯9号可在Pb和Cd含量超风险管制值的耕地安全生产,天贵糯937和金萬糯2000可在Cd含量超风险筛选值的耕地安全生产.惠甜5号、新美甜818和玉糯9号作为Pb和Cd复合低积累品种,适宜在广西铅镉复合污染土壤上推广种植,天贵糯937和金萬糯2000作为籽粒低积累、秸秆Cd高积累品种,建议将其作为植物修复资源加以利用.     

Transformation of ecological conditions of soil and humus substance formation in the urban environment

Ecological conditions of soil formation and specific features of humus substance formation are considered with regard to urban soils of different types formed in the following functional zones: the park zone, residential area, and sanitary protective zone of the Middle Ural Copper-Smelting Plant. The specificity of soil formation in Revda, a typical industrial city of the Middle Urals, is determined by the combined effect of urban and technogenic factors (urbogenesis and technogenesis), with the former being of primary importance. At a constant period of biological activity, the depth of humification is primarily a function of granulometric and chemical composition of urban soils.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 1, 2005, pp. 11–19.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Meshcheryakov, Prokopovich, Korkina.     

重金属元素在樟树人工林中的累积与迁移

结合樟树人工林生态系统生物产量研究,采用Hp3510原子吸收分光光度法测定樟树人工林生态系统不同组分中Cu、Zn、Mn、Pd、Ni、Cd的含量,探讨了重金属元素Cu、Zn、Mn、Pb、Ni、Cd在湖南株洲市樟树人工林中的累积与迁移.结果表明,樟树人工林地土壤层(0～100 cm)中,6种重金属元素的平均含量以Pb为最高,为67.929 mg/kg,Cd最低,仅为0.699 mg/kg,排序为Pb＞Zn＞Mn＞Ni＞Cu＞Cd,总储量为2 737 174 kg/hm2.在樟树不同器官中,Cu、Zn、Mn、Pd、Ni、Cd的含量范围分别为6.849～13.178 mg/kg,3.776～37.443 mg/kg,32.214～659.130 mg/kg,1.626～15.544 mg/kg,0.218～3.719 mg/kg,1.033～9.506 mg/kg.樟树对土壤中6种重金属元素富集能力排序为Cd＞Mn＞Zn＞Cu＞Pb＞Ni.在樟树林中,6种重金属元素的总积累量为11.124 kg/hm2,且排序为Mn(8.097 kg/hm2)＞Zn(1.429 kg/hm2)＞Cu(0.763 kg/hm2)＞Pb(0.491 kg/hm2)＞ Cd(0.272 kg/hm2)＞Ni(0.072 kg/hm2),重金属元素积累量空间分布为叶(3.447 kg/hm2)＞枝(2.863 kg/hm2)＞皮(1.685 kg/hm2)＞干(1.635 kg/hm2)＞根(1.307 kg/hm2).樟树林与环境之间,Mn的交换能力最强,其次是Cd、Zn、Cu,再次为Ni、Pb.     

PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar PCBs in wild terrestrial mammals from Japan: congener specific accumulation and hepatic sequestration

The present study determined the contamination levels and congener-specific accumulation features of dioxins and related compounds (DRCs) in wild terrestrial mammals such as large Japanese field mice (LJFM), lesser Japanese moles (LJMs), and raccoon dogs (RDs) collected from Kanto region in Japan during 2001. The toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) levels in the carcasses or adipose tissues were in the order of RDs > or = LJMs > LJFM. Comparison of DRC congener profiles in the three species and principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated a higher contribution of OCDD, T4CB77, and P5CB118 in LJMs. Analysis of liver-adipose distribution of DRC congeners in RDs showed that livers contained significantly higher TEQs than adipose tissues, indicating that liver is a depository organ and critical for determining the toxicokinetics of DRCs. As for most T4, P5, H6CDD/DFs and for P5CB126, H6CB169 and mono-ortho PCB congeners, their liver/adipose concentration ratios in RDs revealed a tendency to increase with hepatic TEQ levels, suggesting TEQ-dependent hepatic sequestration.     

镉对单环刺螠非特异性免疫及组织蓄积的影响

为探究镉(Cd)对海洋动物的毒性效应,考察了不同质量浓度(0.005、0.05和0.5 mg·L~(-1)) Cd处理对单环刺螠相关免疫生理指标及主要组织中Cd蓄积量的影响。结果表明:Cd胁迫下,血细胞密度(density of hemocyte, DHC)先升后降再升,酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase, PO)活力先升后降,溶菌酶(lysozyme, LSZ)活力先降后升再降,至处理96 h,处理组DHC均显著高于对照组(P0.05),总蛋白含量变化不显著;除低浓度胁迫组(0.005 mg·L~(-1))PO活力与对照组相近外,其他处理组的PO和LSZ活力均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活力和丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量总体呈上升趋势,过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量先升后降再升,至胁迫96 h,各处理组SOD活力、MDA和H_2O_2含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。总之,Cd胁迫对单环刺螠非特异性免疫影响显著,Cd的短期胁迫可刺激DHC、PO和LSZ升高,免疫力增强,而高浓度Cd的胁迫时间较长会造成机体解毒能力下降,持续刺激机体产生过氧化反应,MDA含量升高,可作为单环刺螠在Cd长期胁迫下的免疫检测指标。不同胁迫浓度组单环刺螠肌肉和消化道中的Cd含量随胁迫时间均呈上升趋势,且存在显著的时间-剂量-效应关系(P0.05),其蓄积量水平为:消化道肌肉,具有组织特异性。     

Heavy-metal fractionation and distribution in soil profiles short-term-irrigated with sewage wastewater

Six soil profiles irrigated and non-irrigated with sewage wastewater were investigated for soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), and CaCO₃. The distributions and chemical fractions of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, and their lability were also studied. The results indicated that pH, EC, OM, and CaCO₃, as well as metal fractionation in soil profiles were affected by wastewater irrigation, especially in the surface layer. The surface layer (0-15 cm) irrigated with wastewater exhibited a 0.6 unit decrease in soil pH, a 40.6% decrease in CaCO₃, and a 200% increase in EC as compared with that of the non-irrigated soil. The soil OM increased from 0.04% to 0.35% in the surface layer. The irrigation of soil with wastewater resulted in transformation of metals from the carbonate fraction (CARB) towards the exchangeable (EXCH), Fe-Mn oxide (ERO), and organic (OM) fraction for Zn, towards the EXCH, the OM, and residual fraction for Cu, and towards the exchangeable (EXCH) fraction for Cd. It was concluded that the use of sewage wastewater led to salt accumulation and an increase in the readily labile fraction of Zn, Cu, and Cd in the surface layer. Therefore, this reason may limit the use of wastewater under arid and semi-arid conditions.     

稀土元素的脑部蓄积性、毒性及其对人群健康的潜在危害

论述了稀土元素在动物脑部的蓄积性、对脑的毒性以及稀土区人群的脑部毒性效应,分析了稀土农业应用和稀土厂“三废”对生态环境和人群健康的潜在危害。     

几个菜心品种硝酸盐累积差异的研究

通过对7个菜心品种在2种氮源形态下进行水培试验,以及对植株和吸收液的分析测试,探讨菜心品种间的硝酸盐累积、氮素营养特性及养分吸收的差异,为制定硝酸盐调控措施和选育低硝酸盐菜心品种提供依据。     

杭州市城市和郊区表土磷库及环境风险评价

杭州市城市和郊区土壤磷素具有明显的积累特征并有较高的潜在释放能力。可提取态P(包括H2O-P、NaHCO3-P.NaOH-P和HCl-P)平均在80％左右，其中以HCl—P的比例最高，平均约55％。32个研究土样中，26个土样的水可溶性(H20—P)在10mg／kg以上，15个土样的NaHCO3—P在100mg/kg以上。酸性条件下P的释放潜力明显增加。土壤水溶性P含量及在酸性条件下P的释放量与土壤总P呈正相关，与土壤pH负相关。