Modification of nitrifying biofilm into nitritating one by combination of increased free ammonia concentrations, lowered HRT and dissolved oxygen concentration

Nitrifying biomass on ring-shaped carriers was modified to nitritating one in a relatively short period of time (37 days) by limiting the air supply, changing the aeration regime, shortening the hydraulic retention time and increasing free ammonia (FA) concentration in the moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). The most efficient strategy for the development and maintenance of nitritating biofilm was found to be the inhibition of nitrifying activity by higher FA concentrations (up to 6.5 mg/L) in the process. Reject water from sludge treatment from the Tallinn Wastewater Treatment Plant was used as substrate in the MBBR. The performance of high-surfaced biocarriers taken from the nitritating activity MBBR was further studied in batch tests to investigate nitritation and nitrification kinetics with various FA concentrations and temperatures. The maximum nitrite accumulation ratio (96.6%) expressed as the percentage of NO2??-N/NOx??-N was achieved for FA concentration of 70 mg/L at 36°C. Under the same conditions the specific nitrite oxidation rate achieved was 30 times lower than the specific nitrite formation rate. It was demonstrated that in the biofilm system, inhibition by FA combined with the optimization of the main control parameters is a good strategy to achieve nitritating activity and suppress nitrification.     

饮用水反复烧开对水质的影响

以致癌物质亚硝酸盐为代表的反复烧开水的危害引起了公众的广泛关注,有报道说水在反复烧开的过程中亚硝酸盐的质量会增加,喝反复烧开的水对身体有害。为澄清这一问题文章以符合国家标准的自来水为研究对象,考察了沸腾次数和放置间隔时间对水质的影响。检测指标包括总氮、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、硬度、溶解性有机碳,通过多次实验发现:符合国家标准的自来水反复烧开后未检测到亚硝酸盐的存在,即便人为加入一定量的亚硝酸盐,在烧水过程中其质量也没有发生变化;烧开的水不喝放置48h并不影响水质;溶解性有机碳的质量从2.3mg上升至2.9mg,但随沸腾次数增加和放置时间的延长略有所下降至2.6mg;物料平衡表明,所有指标浓度的上升是由于蒸发浓缩所致,没有显示出生物化学作用。     

QuAAtrO连续流动分析仪测定海水中营养盐

实验研究QuAAtro测定海水四项营养盐的精密度、检出限和准确度,并与手动分析进行比对试验。结果表明:QuAAtro分析海水营养盐具有高精密度、低检出限和较高准确度;和手动分析没有明显的差异却具有速度快、消耗少的特点。     

亚硝氮在氯及氯胺消毒中形成三氯硝基甲烷的作用研究 ——以色氨酸为例

以溶解有机碳为5 mg·L-1的色氨酸溶液为研究对象,探索氯和氯胺消毒时,不同影响因子对亚硝氮在三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)形成中的作用,从而识别其关键消毒因子.结果表明:NO-2的加入对TCNM的形成有明显的促进作用.对氯消毒来说,NO-2对TCNM形成的促进作用在酸性条件下(TCNM增量为11.82μg·L-1)比碱性条件下(TCNM增量为2.66μg·L-1)更为明显;而对于氯胺,却在中碱性条件下较为明显(pH=5,6,7,8,9,TCNM的增量分别为0.04、0.11、0.50、0.34、0.27μg·L-1).但不管是氯消毒还是氯胺消毒,NO-2对TCNM形成的促进作用基本随着消毒剂量、反应时间的增加而增加.由极差分析得知,氯、氯胺消毒下影响NO-2对TCNM形成的关键的因子均是pH值.     

Effect of temperature on anoxic metabolism of nitrites to nitrous oxide by polyphosphate accumulating organisms

Temperature is an important physical factor, which strongly influences biomass and metabolic activity. In this study, the effects of temperature on the anoxic metabolism of nitrite(NO-2) to nitrous oxide(N2O) by polyphosphate accumulating organisms, and the process of the accumulation of N2O(during nitrite reduction), which acts as an electron acceptor, were investigated using 91% ± 4% Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis sludge. The results showed that N2O is accumulated when Accumulibacter first utilize nitrite instead of oxygen as the sole electron acceptor during the denitrifying phosphorus removal process. Properties such as nitrite reduction rate, phosphorus uptake rate, N2O reduction rate, and polyhydroxyalkanoate degradation rate were all influenced by temperature variation(over the range from 10 to 30°C reaching maximum values at 25°C). The reduction rate of N2O by N2O reductase was more sensitive to temperature when N2O was utilized as the sole electron acceptor instead of NO2, and the N2O reduction rates, ranging from 0.48 to 3.53 N2O-N/(hr·g VSS), increased to 1.45 to 8.60 mg N2O-N/(hr·g VSS). The kinetics processes for temperature variation of 10 to 30°C were(θ1 = 1.140–1.216 and θ2= 1.139–1.167). In the range of 10°C to 30°C, almost all of the anoxic stoichiometry was sensitive to temperature changes. In addition, a rise in N2O reduction activity leading to a decrease in N2O accumulation in long term operations at the optimal temperature(27°C calculated by the Arrhenius model).     

硝酸盐对厌氧生物膜和颗粒污泥的同时产甲烷反硝化性能影响研究

为了研究硝酸盐对厌氧生物膜系统同时产甲烷反硝化反应的影响及其机制,拓展生物膜工艺在高氮有机废水中的应用,采用生物膜-污泥厌氧复合反应器和上流式厌氧污泥床培养具备同时产甲烷反硝化反应的功能微生物系统,并以间歇实验方法,对比研究硝酸盐对厌氧生物膜和颗粒污泥的同时产甲烷反硝化性能的影响.结果表明,硝酸盐对生物膜和颗粒污泥系统去除COD和反硝化反应均有影响,但硝酸盐浓度变化对颗粒污泥系统的影响比生物膜系统更大,生物膜表现出更强的降解能力和更高的耐性阈值.随着硝酸盐浓度从75 mg·L-1增加到600 mg·L-1,颗粒污泥对COD的降解速率从273.26mg·（h·g）-1降到0.1 mg·（h·g）-1,而生物膜从95 mg·（h·g）-1降至1.7 mg·（h·g）-1;同时,生物膜和颗粒污泥对硝酸盐的降解速率分别从21.43、22.31 mg·（h·g）-1增加到83.72、61.06 mg·（h·g）-1,随着硝酸盐的降解,生物膜表现出更强的恢复能力,最大值为712.44 mg·（h·g）-1.研究还发现亚硝酸盐积累是影响生物膜和颗粒污泥同时脱氮除碳功能的主要原因,在相同的硝酸盐浓度下,生物膜中亚硝酸盐的最大积累量仅为的颗粒污泥的1/10.因此,生物膜-污泥厌氧复合反应器可以作为高浓度含氮有机废水实现同时产甲烷反硝化工艺反应器一种重要选择.     

中试MBBR反应器启动CANON工艺及其短程硝化

采用150 L的移动床生物膜(MBBR)反应器,控制温度为28℃,以无机高氨氮(平均浓度350 mg·L~(-1))废水为原水,启动全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺,同时,取其中絮状污泥至5L的SBR反应器中,维持进水NH~+_4-N浓度为90～200 mg·L~(-1),共同进行短程硝化恢复研究.结果表明,MBBR反应器中,HRT平均为12 h时,短程硝化与TN去除率互相制约,TN去除率平均为38.2%,δNO~-_3-N/TN值平均为0.274,当HRT降至6h后,δNO~-_3-N/TN值由0.347下降至0.146; SBR反应器通过间歇曝气,分别维持曝气与停曝时间为30 min与20 min,好氧过程中DO浓度为0.5～0.6 mg·L~(-1),且每周期末FNA浓度高于0.18 mg·L~(-1)时, 12 d后系统内NAR由0增长至99.2%,NUR从24.8 mg·(g·h)~(-1)降至0,TN去除率则由13%降至3%,成功由全程硝化转变为短程硝化;高通量测序结果显示:MBBR反应器中Candidatus Kuenenia在絮状污泥和生物膜中的相对丰度分别为7.91%及17.38%,Nitrosomonas在二者中分别占27.43%和2.55%,Nitrospira则在二者中占0.30%和0.28%; SBR反应器恢复短程硝化后,AOB与ANAMMOX丰度分别下降至1.18%和0.01%,Nitrospira的相对丰度则上升至1.39%.     

短程反硝化的启动及多参数优化下NO2--N积累特性

采用本实验室长期培养的厌氧（S-A）、好氧（S-O）和交替厌氧/好氧（S-A/O）活性污泥为种泥,分别启动短程反硝化SBR反应器R1、R2和R3,控制进水C/N比为3,缺氧搅拌时间为1h时,在第15d、7d和4d亚硝酸盐积累率（NAR）分别达到75.34%、84.51%和86.23%.选取C/N比、初始pH值、缺氧搅拌时间和初始NO₃^--N浓度对NAR进行四因素三水平响应面实验,方差分析结果表明,以上因素对NAR均有显著影响（P<0.05）,模型R²为0.983.通过模型预测得最佳运行条件：C/N比为3.16,初始pH值为8.51,缺氧搅拌时间为1.27h,初始NO₃^--N浓度为60mg/L的条件下,NAR高达91.32%.     

基于颗粒污泥的短程反硝化USB反应器启动和运行研究

在2个相同的USB反应器(R1无载体,R2采用多孔生物填料为载体)中构建了短程反硝化工艺,对R1和R2NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N转化性能、短程反硝化颗粒污泥物化特性、胞外聚合物(EPS)产生特性以及微生物功能菌群主要特征进行差异分析.结果表明,反应器运行81d,氮负荷(NLR)为1.2kg/(m³·d)时,NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N转化率(NTR) R2(85%)高于R1(80%);载体颗粒污泥(R2)沉降性能优于自固定化颗粒污泥(R1)且载体颗粒污泥(R2)更容易截留EPS,PN/PS值R1(1.29)>R2(1.15),污泥体积指数(SVI) R1(27.07mL/g MLSS)>R2(19.36mL/g MLSS);扫描电镜发现R1污泥表面聚集长杆菌,R2污泥表面聚集短杆菌和球菌,与R1相比R2颗粒污泥结构更加规则密实.微生物高通量测序结果表明,R2物种丰富度和多样性高于R1,变形菌门、拟杆菌门和绿弯菌门在短程反硝化系统中占主导地位,R1和R2主要NO₂^--N积累功能菌属均为Acinetobacter属(R1-59.18%、R2-46.04%)和Thauera属(R1-6.81%、R2-5.99%).