Characteristics of high-sulfate wastewater treatment by two-phase anaerobic digestion process with Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed

A new anaerobic reactor, Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed （JLAFB）, was designed for treating high-sulfate wastewater. The treatment characteristics, including the effect of influent COD/SO42 ratio and alkalinity and sulfide inhibition in reactors, were discussed for a JLAFB and a general anaerobic fiuidized bed （AFB） reactor used as sulfate-reducing phase and methane-producing phase, respectively, in two-phase anaerobic digestion process. The formation of granules in the two reactors was also examined. The results indicated that COD and sulfate removal had different demand of influent COD/SO4^2- ratios. When total COD removal was up to 85%, the ratio was only required up to 1.2, whereas, total sulfate removal up to 95% required it exceeding 3.0. The alkalinity in the two reactors increased linearly with the growth of influent alkalinity. Moreover, the change of influent alkalinity had no significant effect on pH and volatile fatty acids （VFA） in the two reactors. Influent alkalinity kept at 400-500 mg/L could meet the requirement of the treating process. The JLAFB reactor had great advantage in avoiding sulfide and free-H2S accumulation and toxicity inhibition on microorganisms. When sulfate loading rate was up to 8. 1 kg/（m^3.d）, the sulfide and free-H2S concentrations in JLAFB reactor were 58.6 and 49.7 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the granules, with offwhite color, ellipse shape and diameters of 1.0-3.0 mm, could be developed in JLAFB reactor. In granules, different groups of bacteria were distributed in different layers, and some inorganic metal compounds such as Fe, Ca, Mg etc. were found.     

Characteristics of anoxic phosphors removal in sequence batch reactor

The characteristics of anaerobic phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake were investigated in sequencing batch reactors using denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria （DPB） sludge. The lab-scale experiments were accomplished under conditions of various nitrite concentrations （5.5, 9.5, and 15 mg/L） and mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） （1844, 3231, and 6730 mg/L）. The results obtained confirmed that nitrite, MLSS, and pH were key factors, which had a significant impact on anaerobic phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake in the biological phosphorous removal process. The nitrites were able to successfully act as electron acceptors for phosphorous uptake at a limited concentration between 5.5 and 9.5 mg/L. The denitrification and dephosphorous were inhibited when the nitrite concentration reached 15 mg/L. This observation indicated that the nitrite would not inhibit phosphorus uptake before it exceeded a threshold concentration. It was assumed that an increase of MLSS concentration from 1844 mg/L to 6730 mg/L led to the increase of denitrification and anoxic P-uptake rate. On the contrary, the average P-uptake/N denitrifying reduced from 2.10 to 1.57 mg PO4^3--P/mg NO3^--N. Therefore, it could be concluded that increasing MLSS of the DEPHANOX system might shorten the reaction time of phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake. However, excessive MLSS might reduce the specific denitrifying rate. Meanwhile, a rapid pH increase occurred at the beginning of the anoxic conditions as a result of denitrification and anoxic phosphate uptake. Anaerobic P release rate increased with an increase in pH. Moreover, when pH exceeded a relatively high value of 8.0, the dissolved P concentration decreased in the liquid phase, because of chemical precipitation. This observation suggested that pH should be strictly controlled below 8.0 to avoid chemical precipitation if the biological denitrifying phosphorus removal capability is to be studied accurately.     

镧积累对红壤有效养分的影响

通过室内培养和盆栽试验 ,研究了镧积累对红壤有效养分的影响。结果表明 ,镧积累降低了土壤有效氮、有效磷含量 ,有效氮、有效磷含量与镧浓度呈显著的负相关 ,镧对土壤有效钾的影响不明显。     

Studies on the Uptake of Heavy Metals by Various Plant Species on Chromite Minespoils in Sub-tropical Regions of India

The presence of heavy metals (Cr, Ni and Fe) in soil and accumulated by herbs, shrubs and trees regenerated naturally on the minewaste-dumps of Sukinda chromite mines (TISCO sector) were investigated. There was significant correlationship between Cr and Fe in the soil where a tree species (Catunaregam spinosa) occurred. Guazuma ulmifolia and Diospyros montana also did show significant correlation between leaf, stem and soil for Cr, Ni and Fe. Among the shrubs (Calotropis gigantea, Chromolaena odorata, Phyllanthus reticulatus and Woodfordia fruticosa) significant and positive correlations were obtained for Cr and Ni in soil and iron and nickel in leaf and chromium and nickel in stem. Among the annual herbs, whole plant of tephrosia purpurea and Borrevia articularis showed significant and positive correlation with chromium and nickel with the maximum correlation coefficient value. It was concluded that the above information would be useful in revegetation programmes in subtropical regions having seasonal rainfall.     

生物脱氮的短程硝化反硝化及影响因素

简要地介绍了短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮的机理,即控制氨氧化停留在亚硝化反应阶段,不经过硝化直接进行反硝化.总结了短程硝化反硝化的优点,并结合国内外的研究现状,对影响亚硝酸盐积累的主要因素进行了分析和探讨.     

Heavy metal contamination in the sediment and plants of the Sundarbans,India

Heavy metals are one of the hazardous contaminants in the total environment. The present study shows that the Sundarbans soil is contaminated with sludge and moderately contaminated with Cd and Co according to Contamination factor (CF), Enrichment factor (EF), Index of geo-accumulation (Igeo), and Ecological risk factor (ERF). The correlation, principle component analysis and factor analysis showed that Mn and Fe might have lithogenic origin whereas Cu, Pb, Co and Cd have anthropogenic inputs. The screening quick reference table (SQuiRT) shows that Cu and Cd may exert a possible toxic effect on the sediment dwelling biota. The phytoremediation study revealed that the endangered Heritiera fomes leaves can accumulate 80% of cadmium from the soil, which is highest based on this study as compared to other mangroves. The study also indicated that threatened date palm Phoenix paludosa leaves can accumulate 74% and 73% of Cu and Fe, respectively, from the soil. Now a day, there has been a spurt in mangrove plantations worldwide for the conservation of mangrove ecosystem using ecological engineering approaches. The present study is very much useful to choose a proper plant to decontaminate the soil from various heavy metal pollutants for effective management of mangrove wetlands.     

脉冲通风法治理“U”型工作面上隅角瓦斯积聚的理论及技术探讨

针对生产现场出现的“U”型采煤工作面上隅角瓦斯积聚问题 ,科学地分析了其形成的原因及目前解决上隅角瓦斯积聚的常用方法 ,提出了旋转脉冲法解决此问题的新途径 ,并进行了详细的理论分析。通过现场实验 ,验证了用旋转脉冲法解决上隅角瓦斯积聚是有效的、可行的。     

稀土的生物效应与农用稀土的累积影响

综述稀土元素的环境行为、累积影响、生物富集和生物效应,从动植物对稀土元素的生物富集及其产生的负面效应,探讨了农业应用稀土在土壤中累积后对生态环境可能产生的影响     

两个海州香薷种群根对Cu的吸收及Cu诱导的ATP酶活性差异

通过水培实验,比较分析了分别来自湖北省铜绿山矿区和红安非矿区的海洲香薷种群根对铜的抗性和对Cu的吸收累积差异,同时应用微囊膜技术进行了ATPase的诱导和活性测定.结果发现,来自铜绿山种群植物的铜耐受性明显高于红安种群,在20μmol·L-1 Cu处理时红安种群根尖开始变黑,生长明显受到抑制;而铜绿山种群在80μmol·L-1 Cu处理时仍然能正常生长;在所有Cu处理中,铜绿山种群植物根的Cu含量明显低于红安种群.Cu诱导的ATPase活性在铜绿山种群根质膜有明显的变化,在1μmol·L-1 Cu处理时,其活性显著增加,5μmol·L-1 Cu处理时,其活性先到达高峰而后降低;而红安种群则没有出现Cu诱导的ATPase活性的升高,除了100μmol·L-1 Cu明显降低了ATPase活性外,其它处理则没有显著的变化.在还原型谷光苷肤(GSH)存在的条件下,Cu诱导的ATPase活性在铜绿山种群中显著提高,且有明显的Cu浓度效应,而红安种群虽有提高但没有浓度效应.这些结果表明,矿区种群根细胞中可能存在Cu-ATPase,该酶在根的Cu吸收运输方面可能起重要的调节作用,从而使其具有较高的Cu抗性.     

氮素形态与光强对苗期黄瓜吸收累积菲的影响研究

采用营养液培养的方法研究了不同形态氮素(NH4 -N、NO3 -N)和光强对菲胁迫条件下黄瓜幼苗生长及光合特性的影响.结果表明:①与供NO3- -N营养相比,供NH4 -N营养可同时增强黄瓜幼苗的抗菲胁迫及耐弱光的能力;②以NH4 -N为营养的黄瓜吸收的菲不仅运输至叶片的比例相对较低,而且运输至新生叶片的比例也相对较少,相对降低了新生叶中的菲累积,因而使得以NH4 -N为营养的黄瓜新生叶片维持了相对较大的光合面积和较高的光合速率.由此可见,与NO3- -N营养相比,NH4 -N营养能改善黄瓜在菲胁迫环境中的生长状况,尤其在弱光条件下,这种现象更加明显.