Effects of water depth and litter accumulation on morpho-ecological adaptations of Eleocharis sphacelata

The morpho-ecological adaptations of Eleocharis sphacelata in response to water depth and the sequential effects of resultant differences in deep water conditions on the long term population dynamics were investigated based on the observations carried out in three stable homogeneous populations in Goulburn and Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia from August 2003 to May 2005. The deep water populations attained a higher harvestable shoot biomass and a lower rhizome biomass with increased growth in root structure thus significantly enhancing the nutrient uptake rates leading to a higher accumulation of shoot bound macronutrients. However, the accretion of excessive amounts of autogenous shoot litter coupled with slower decomposition rates under anaerobic conditions in the two deep water populations led to higher nutrient enrichment in sediments and overlying water column causing subsequent eutrophication with signs of growth inhibition including typical stress symptoms like stunted growth and chlorotic shoots. The shallow water population that intermittently experienced alternative inundation-drawdown pattern depicted an unaffected continuation of seasonal growth affirming that strict water regime management practices coupled with timely mowing or the removal of accumulating litter are necessary to ensure long-term survival of healthy E. sphacelata stands when it is used in applications where deep water conditions prevail.     

Radionuclides in the Ecosystem of Lake Tygish in the Zone of the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace

The radioecological situation in Lake Tygish is described. The lake is situated on the central axis of the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace (EURT), which was formed after the nuclear accident in the Southern Urals in 1957. The distributions of ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs among the main components of the water body and the results of the measurement of tritium concentration in the water are presented. Mathematical models are described that have made it possible to estimate changes in the concentrations of radionuclides and their amounts accumulated in the water and bottom sediments of the lake during the long period after the accident and to predict the development of the radioecological situation in the lake until 2057. Based on the mathematical models, more accurate data on the initial ecological situation in the lake in the year of the accident have been obtained.     

官厅水库沉积物中大量元素的历史分布特征

以官厅水库沉积物为研究对象,建立年代序列,解析有机质及TOC、TN、TS的含量和沉积通量的年变化,探明官厅水库大量元素的历史沉积特征.结果表明:采用210Pb和137Cs测定官厅水库线性沉积速率分别为0.33 cm·a-1和0.32 cm·a-1,累积质量沉积速率从1954年水库建成后缓慢递增到1980年左右的0.156 g·cm-2·a-1,之后递减至当前的0.090 g·cm-2·a-1.沉积物中有机质含量为36.8~100.7 g·kg-1,在水库南部库区略高;有机质沉积通量在时间尺度上随年代呈先增加后减少,与沉积物沉积速率年变化趋势相似.沉积物中TOC含量为1.18%~7.83%,TN含量为0.04%~0.73%,TS含量为0.07%~0.50%.TOC和TN的沉积通量在20世纪90年代左右出现峰值,而TS沉积通量呈逐渐下降趋势.总体而言,官厅水库沉积物中C、N、S等大量元素呈连续分布,其沉积通量主要受沉积速率影响,颗粒物沉积过程可能在污染物迁移转化中扮演重要角色.     

3种烤烟中Cd分配累积规律及土壤Cd安全临界值的研究

为保证烤烟生产的安全,降低重金属对人体的毒害,对植烟土壤重金属安全临界值进行推算.通过土壤盆栽试验,研究了3个烤烟品种翠碧1号、K326和云烟87对Cd的累积和分配规律,土壤中Cd2+添加量分别为0、0.5 mg/kg、1 mg/kg、2 mg/kg、4 mg/kg、8 mg/kg,并采用回归分析方法计算了植烟土壤Cd的安全临界值.结果表明,烤烟Cd质量比受外源Cd添加量影响较大,下部叶Cd质量比总是高于其他部位.随Cd添加量增大,各部位Cd质量比上升且差别逐渐增大.Cd在土壤-根的转移系数较低,地上部各部位对土壤Cd转移系数的平均值表明,翠碧1号对Cd富集能力略强,而K326较弱.外源Cd的添加导致土壤-下部叶Cd的转移系数达最高,Cd在根-下部叶的转移系数明显高于其他部位间的转移系数,并使Cd在烤烟植株各部位间的转移系数呈先增后降的趋势.烤烟地上部的Cd累积量均高于根部,其中中、下部叶Cd累积量最多,而上部叶较少.经推算得出,烤烟叶片Cd的最高允许质量比为5.79 mg/kg,由烤烟中部叶Cd质量比与土壤有效Cd质量比的回归模型得到,3种烤烟的植烟土壤的安全临界值分别为0.17 mg/kg(翠碧1号)、0.19 mg/kg(K326)和0.15 mg/kg(云烟87),云烟87的土壤安全临界值可以作为制定福建烟区土壤Cd的安全临界值依据.     

Effect of the C:N:P ratio on the denitrifying dephosphatation in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR)

A series of investigations were conducted using sequencing batch biofilm reactor(SBBR) to explore the influence of C:N:P ratio on biological dephosphatation including the denitrifying dephosphatation and the denitrification process.Biomass in the reactor occurred mainly in the form of a biofilm attached to completely submerged disks.Acetic acid was used as the source of organic carbon.C:N:P ratios have had a significant effect on the profiles of phosphate release and phosphate uptake and nitrogen removal.The highest rates of phosphate release and phosphate uptake were recorded at the C:N:P ratio of 140:70:7.The C:N ratio of 2.5:1 ensured complete denitrification.The highest rate of denitrification was achieved at the C:N:P ratio of 140:35:7.The increase of nitrogen load caused an increase in phosphates removal until a ratio C:N:P of 140:140:7.Bacteria of the biofilm exposed to alternate conditions of mixing and aeration exhibited enhanced intracellular accumulation of polyphosphates.Also,the structure of the biofilm encouraged anaerobic–aerobic as well as anoxic–anaerobic and absolutely anaerobic conditions in a SBBR.These heterogeneous conditions in the presence of nitrates may be a significant factor determining the promotion of denitrifying polyphosphate accumulating organism(DNPAO) development.     

蚕豆对铯的吸收蓄积及亚细胞分布研究

采用改良水培法培养蚕豆幼苗至2片真叶,置于含铯(ρ(Cs+)8.24(CK)~200 mg·L~(-1))的营养液中处理7 d、14 d、21 d后取样。采用差速离心法分离亚细胞组分,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定根、茎、叶及各亚细胞组分的Cs+含量,分析蚕豆幼苗对Cs+的吸收蓄积及亚细胞分布特点,研究蚕豆对Cs+的富集转运特征及耐受机理。结果显示:蚕豆3种器官对Cs+的蓄积量为根叶茎,根对Cs+的蓄积量占总量的65.13%~83.17%,最高(ρ(Cs+)200 mg·L~(-1)时)达到518.40 mg·kg~(-1)FW(7 d)、1 949.74 mg·kg~(-1)FW(14 d)和3 614.03 mg·kg~(-1)FW(21 d);蚕豆根、茎、叶中Cs+的亚细胞分布主要集中在细胞壁和可溶性组分中,Cs+相对含量分别达到75.84%~99.06%(根)、79.06%~100%(茎)、82.95%~100%(叶);细胞核、前质体、叶绿体和线粒体等细胞器仅含少量的Cs+(25%)。结果表明,蚕豆根、茎、叶细胞主要通过阻滞作用,将Cs+结合固定在细胞壁,并将进入细胞质基质的一部分Cs+转运到液泡内,暂时或"永久性"存贮,有效降低了细胞器、胞质溶胶(cytosol)及内含物中的Cs+含量,极大地减缓了Cs+对细胞器的功能性损伤,这是短期内蚕豆未表现出明显中毒症状的原因,也是蚕豆耐受Cs+胁迫的重要机理之一。     

生物膜CANON反应器中沉积物影响及其成因分析

以人工配制无机高氨氮废水为对象,通过CANON接种污泥,以聚氨酯海绵为填料,在HRT=9 h,温度为30℃±1℃,pH为6.92~8.52的条件下运行.针对反应器中填料表面的沉积物,试验研究沉积物对CANON工艺的影响及其成分、形成原因.研究发现:1沉积物影响基质的传递,导致CANON反应器中去除效果不佳且反应器中的生物量下降;2沉积物成分是碳酸钙;3填料表面形成沉积物可能是微生物的pH调节作用、吹脱作用、胞外聚合物作用、海绵的吸附作用和物理化学作用的共同结果;4沉积物一旦形成,很难恢复.因此,为了避免沉积物的产生而又不影响CANON工艺,建议采取以下措施:1对原水进行预处理,降低Ca2+和Mg2+等的浓度,2保证短程硝化效果完好,避免因短程硝化效果破坏而要降低DO,造成pH升高,并导致沉积物产生;3在保证反应器良好的总氮处理效果、稳定的短程硝化下,可选用其他合适的填料,以减缓沉积物的积累程度.     

薏米人工湿地根系分解及其铬元素的释放和化学形态变化

利用湿生植物薏米构建垂直流人工湿地,研究了不同浓度Cr6+(0、20、40 mg·L-1)处理对湿地植物薏米根系分解及铬元素含量和形态分布的影响,以期为研究根系中Cr的累积、形态转变及人工湿地高效处理含铬废水技术提供理论支持.结果表明:薏米根系前30 d分解快速,之后分解缓慢;20、40 mg·L-1Cr6+处理与对照相比,根系的分解速率分别降低了40.63%、55.56%.分解前期(0~45 d)根残体对Cr具有较强的吸附能力,分解后期(45~60 d)根残体吸附能力减弱,根残体的Cr含量为先升高后降低,分解60 d后根残体释放出Cr.分解过程中重金属活性较强的乙醇提取态(F1)和去离子水结合态(F2)的含量均显著降低;在分解60 d后,Cr6+胁迫下根残留体内Cr以醋酸提取态(F4)含量最高,其他形态次之;不处理Cr6+根残体内Cr以残渣态(F6)为主要优势,百分比高达76.76%.本研究表明,分解过程中根内Cr含量呈先增高后降低的趋势,Cr6+胁迫下降低了根系分解率,但没有提高Cr的生物活性.     

给水管网中污染物在管垢上的累积和释放

给水管网中,管垢是各种污染物的源和汇,但目前污染物在管垢中的累积释放特征尚缺乏系统研究.本文以实际的城市供水管网的球墨铸铁管和灰口铸铁管为对象,一方面采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、晶体衍射结构分析(XRD)等手段对其管垢进行表征,另一方面运用管段滞流反应器研究了三氯甲烷、铅、锰和锌等污染物滞流状态下在管垢上累积和释放特征.结果表明:同为铸铁管,使用一定年限后,管垢成分有所差异,灰口管管垢量较大,具有明显的锈蚀和管瘤出现,成分以二氧化硅、金属复合氧化物为主,而球墨管管垢量较小,以二氧化硅为主;随着初始浓度的提高,管垢对污染物的累积量逐步提高,对于三氯甲烷,其吸附量和释放量都非常低,而对于Pb、Mn和Zn 3种金属,管垢的吸附量远大于释放量,说明在实验条件下它们易累积不易释放,但水质条件的改变有可能引起大规模释放.研究结果对饮用水管网生物化学安全提出了更高的要求,为管网的饮用水安全保障提供了理论依据.     

生物质炭对土壤中氯苯类物质生物有效性的影响及评价方法

通过室内培养实验,设定对照和添加1%小麦秸秆生物质炭处理,研究生物质炭对土壤中氯苯类物质老化残留的影响,并通过丁醇、HPCD和Tenax这3种化学提取方法以及蚯蚓富集实验评价土壤中氯苯类物质生物有效性的变化.老化4个月后,对照处理中六氯苯、五氯苯和1,2,4,5-四氯苯的残留率分别为29.87%、18.02%、5.16%,而添加1%生物质炭处理中六氯苯、五氯苯和1,2,4,5-四氯苯的残留率分别为68.25%、61.32%和58.02%,表明添加生物质炭能够抑制氯苯的消减.丁醇、HPCD和Tenax提取和蚯蚓富集实验结果表明,添加生物质炭显著降低土壤中氯苯的生物有效性(P<0.05),并随老化时间延长,降低效果更为显著.不同提取剂对氯苯的提取效率不同,丁醇和Tenax对氯苯的提取率为六氯苯>五氯苯>1,2,4,5-四氯苯,而HPCD对氯苯的提取率为1,2,4,5-四氯苯>五氯苯>六氯苯.添加生物质炭可显著降低蚯蚓对氯苯的生物富集因子(P<0.05).本研究表明,生物质炭能降低土壤中有机污染物的生物有效性,但高污染残留存在潜在的环境风险.