芦荟对土壤中重金属的吸收及EDTA影响

采用芦荟(Aloe vera L.)盆栽实验,考察了土壤中重金属在芦荟中的分布及施加EDTA对重金属在芦荟中积累影响。由实验结果,芦荟中重金属随土壤中重金属含量的增加而增加,Cd、Cu和Zn的增加量主要积累在叶部,而Pb的增加量主要积累在茎和根部。土壤中Pb的加入促进了芦荟对Cd和Cu的吸收,表明Pb与Cd、Cu在芦荟吸收时具有协同效应。随着土壤中EDTA用量的增加(0～4 mmol/kg),芦荟对重金属的吸收积累增加,其中Cu和Pb的增加较大。在EDTA作用下,芦荟叶部对重金属的迁移增大,其迁移系数Zn>Cd>Cu>Pb。EDTA螯合作用促使芦荟对重金属的吸收。芦荟叶部重金属对Fe的积累有明显抑制作用,而芦荟各部位中重金属对Ca的积累皆有明显抑制作用。     

三聚氰胺在罗非鱼肝脏内的累积及对EROD和GST活性的影响

以吉富罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）作为研究对象，采用室内水族箱模拟水生态系统，研究了20 d试验期内，水体中初始质量浓度为0.05 g L-1的三聚氰胺在罗非鱼肝脏中的累积规律及不同暴露时间，对罗非鱼肝脏中7-乙氧基-异酚噁唑酮-脱乙基酶（EROD）和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（GST）活性的影响。结果表明：随着试验时间的延长，三聚氰胺在罗非鱼肝脏中的质量分数先迅速上升，在第2天高达4.15 mg·kg-1。随后逐渐下降，在第20天降至0.8 mg·kg-1，恢复到暴露初期水平。与对照组相比，罗非鱼肝脏中EROD和GST的活性在第1天被轻微诱导之后，分别在第2天和第4天开始被显著抑制，抑制率分别为50.7%和69.4%。随后两者的活性上升并分别在第7天和第10天开始被显著诱导，诱导率各为122.9%和47.7%。总体上看，EROD和GST的活性皆呈现出诱导-抑制-诱导的变化趋势。但在暴露结束时，这两种酶的活性又显著低于对照组，抑制率分别为34.1%和20.3%。结果显示，罗非鱼肝脏中EROD酶和GST酶，在一定程度上可作为水体中三聚氰胺污染的生物监测指标。     

基于DGT技术的广西碳酸盐岩区稻米镉含量主控因素

为探究广西碳酸盐岩区水稻在地质高背景下影响稻米Cd富集的主控因素,以广西西南部和北部碳酸盐岩区水稻籽粒-根系土壤样品为基础,同时结合梯度扩散薄膜技术(DGT),分析讨论了土壤pH、有机质(OM)、阳离子交换量(CEC)和DGT-Cd等与水稻籽粒ω(rice-Cd)-BCF值的关系,通过主成分分析确定主要因素并建立定量模...     

太阳跟踪反射聚能户外加速曝晒方法的对比研究

目的 找出太阳跟踪反射聚能户外加速曝晒方法的特点和价值。方法 基于几种典型的透明高分子材料试样,分别在佛罗里达典型亚热带潮湿环境自然曝晒、汽车外饰实验室氙灯加速耐候试验及亚利桑那太阳跟踪反射聚能户外加速曝晒黄变结果相关性、加速性和区分度的对比分析,来比较这几种试验方法的特点。结果 户外加速曝晒和自然曝晒的相关性高于氙灯加速试验和自然曝晒的相关性。与自然曝晒相比,户外加速曝晒的平均加速倍率及不同试样的加速倍率的相对差异明显小于氙灯加速试验。自然曝晒和户外加速曝晒的区分度也明显大于实验室氙灯加速试验。结论 户外加速曝晒方法较好地均衡了相关性、加速性、加速一致性及区分度,适合高分子材料的验证性试验。     

身管镀层界面失效分析及寿命预测研究

目的 研究热压耦合作用下身管镀层的界面失效机理,预测身管寿命。方法 建立镀层界面剪切失效、界面弯曲失效和界面裂纹扩展失效3种失效模型,并给出失效准则。以某小口径步枪身管为研究对象,基于完整冷却周期的身管温度场数值模拟结果,计算这3种失效在相同射击条件下的临界失效长厚比,并对结果进行对比分析,确定身管镀层的主要界面失效方式。结合镀层的界面失效机理和低周疲劳损伤累计理论,建立基于镀层界面疲劳损伤累积的身管寿命预测模型,对该小口径步枪身管的寿命进行预测。结果 临界失效长厚比计算结果表明,界面剪切失效是身管镀层的主要失效方式。身管寿命预测结果与寿命试验结果相比,误差小于2%。结论 界面剪切失效是身管镀层的主要失效方式,基于镀层界面疲劳损伤累积的身管寿命预测方法是可行的。     

Accumulation and Chemical Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Andisols after a Different, 6-year Fertilization Management (8 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Andisols are widespread in Japan and have some special properties such as high anion exchange capacity, low bulk density, and high organic matter content, which might influence the accumulation or chemical fractionation of heavy metals. However, few such data exist in Japanese andisols. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the distribution and chemical fractions of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr in the soil profiles and subsequently to assess their potential environmental hazard. Materials and Methods Soil samples were taken from a field experiment conducted on Japanese andisols, which had received either swine compost or chemical fertilizers for 6 years. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr were determined for all of the obtained extract solutions by ICP-AES. Results and Discussion Considerably higher total concentrations of Cu and Zn were observed in the top 20 cm layer of the compost-amended soil, relative to the unfertilized soil, while chemical fertilizers had little effect. Application of the swine compost increased the concentrations of Cu and Zn, but not Ni and Cr, in all fractions in the top 20 cm layer. The greatest increase in the organically bound fraction (OM) Cu and dilute acid-exchangeable fraction (DAEXCH) Zn was observed. This suggests that Cu and Zn are potentially bioavailable and mobile in the andisol profiles after 6-year consecutive applications of the swine compost. On the other hand, distribution of Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr among various soil fractions was generally unaffected by chemical fertilizers. Conclusions We observed that 6-year consecutive applications of the swine compost led to an increase in total metals of Cu and Zn, as well as their all-chemical fractions, in the top 20 cm soil layers. Potential hazard of heavy metals, especially of Cu and Zn, as a result of the use of swine compost on andisols, must be taken into account. Recommendations and Outlook The long-term effect of the accumulation of heavy metals, particularly Cu and Zn, in various plant tissues and soils, as well as their potential risk to surface water via runoff and groundwater via leaching, needs to be carefully considered. Further investigations in the long-term experiments are therefore necessary. - Abbreviations. EXCH, exchangeable fraction of metals; DAEXCH, dilute acid-exchangeable fraction of metals; FeMnOX, iron and manganese-oxide-bound fraction; OM, organically-bound fraction; RESD, residual fraction. COMPOST, SRNF, RANF, and CONTROL stand for compost (from swine wastes), slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (coated urea), readily available nitrogen fertilizer (including NH4-N, P, and K fertilizers), and no fertilizer application, respectively.     

PAC-MBR处理垃圾渗滤液的硝化性能研究

研究了粉末活性炭（PAC）作为载体的膜生物反应器（MBR）处理吹脱后垃圾渗滤液的硝化性能。在HRT=3d、NH4^＋N=200～500mg／L条件下，进水pH〉8．7时，PAC-MBR和没有添加PAC的普通MBR均只能将氨氮转化为NO2^-；降低pH至7．6～8．2时，PAC—MBR中的亚硝酸盐氧化菌迅速恢复活性，将NO／完全转化为硝酸盐，而普通MBR仍然停留在亚硝化阶段；当吹脱取消后，NO／迅速消失，这可能与取消吹脱后，不再使用大量硫酸进行pH调节有关。研究发现，当SO4^2-为3g／L时，氨氮氧化速度出现了明显的下降，表明SO4^2-对硝化菌具有抑制作用；同时，微生物代谢产物（SMP）分泌量越高，NO2^-含量越低，但是SMP不是影响NO2^-积累的主要原因。     

Response of antioxidants in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown on different amendments of tannery sludge: its metal accumulation potential

The interaction of metals present in tannery waste and their tolerance in the plants of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was studied in the present paper under field conditions. Effects of 100% tannery sludge and various amendments of tannery sludge (10%, 25%, 35%, 50%, 75%) along with one set of control were studied on the physiological and biochemical parameters of the plant along with their metal accumulation potential after 30, 60 and 90 d after sowing. The plants of H. annuus were found effective in the accumulation of metals (Cr, Fe, Zn and Mn) in roots, shoots and leaves, however, the level of toxic metal, Cr was found below detection limit in the seeds of the plant. The oil was extracted from the seeds of the plant and the level of oil content was increased up to 35% tannery sludge as compared to control followed by decrease at higher tannery sludge ratio. An increase in the chlorophyll, protein, cysteine, non-protein thiol and sugar contents was observed at the lower amendment of tannery sludge at initial exposure periods followed by decrease than their respective controls. Malondialdehyde content in the roots and leaves was increased beyond 50% sludge amendments at all the exposure periods as compared to control. However, proline and ascorbic acid contents of the roots and leaves of the plant increased at all the exposure periods and sludge amendments, compared to their respective controls.     

城市污水厂部分反硝化滤池启动及运行

采用生物滤池探究部分反硝化（NO₃^--N还原到NO₂^--N）工艺应用于城市污水厂深度脱氮的可行性.以实际二级出水为进水,考察滤速、碳氮比（C/N）等影响因素对滤池快速启动及稳定运行的影响,分析了滤池沿程水质变化和系统微生物群落结构.结果表明,控制高滤速和低C/N,3d可实现部分反硝化滤池的快速启动,滤池120d平均亚硝态氮累积率（NTR）为60.3%,最高可达82.1%,成功构建了连续流生物膜部分反硝化工艺.高滤速条件有助提高滤池的NO₂^--N积累率,C/N对NO₂^--N积累率的影响较小,C/N为2~4,部分反硝化滤池的NTR维持在62.0%.沿程数据表明底部40cm的滤料层是部分反硝化滤池NO₃^--N去除和NO₂^--N累积的主要反应区域.由于采用实际水厂二级出水进行研究,扫描电镜和高通量测序结果表明存在多种具有反硝化功能的微生物,系统的微生物多样性较高.     

全氟辛酸在紫贻贝体内的富集、分布与消除

以紫贻贝为受试生物,采用半静态暴露的方式,研究了全氟辛酸（PFOA）在紫贻贝体内的富集特征、器官分布与消除规律.结果表明,紫贻贝可快速富集PFOA,整贝在不同浓度PFOA暴露下,于4~6d达到平衡态,半衰期为0.34~0.44d（约8~10h）,生物富集系数（BCFs）为5.10~9.55mL/g.PFOA在紫贻贝鳃和内脏团中的富集作用大于外套膜、性腺和闭壳肌.紫贻贝中PFOA的含量在净化6~9d后趋于空白组水平,主要代谢途径可能为鳃的作用.紫贻贝对PFOA的富集作用与暴露浓度相关,浓度越低,吸收系数和生物富集系数越大.