荧光染色法测定活性污泥中的活性生物量

活性污泥中活性微生物量是表征污染物去除能力的重要指标。探索了荧光染色法直接检测活性细菌的原理和测定方法,结果表明,大肠杆菌、唾液链球菌和铜绿假单胞杆菌的活菌细胞浓度与荧光光强的线性相关度都超过0.95;在惰性颗粒物浓度为20 mg/L到60 mg/L的范围内,其对荧光光强的影响可通过线性关系修正;搅拌速度为1 000 r/min且搅拌10 min时前处理效果最好。     

SMBBR预处理发酵类制药废水

采用高活性反硝化菌DNF409作为菌种,以SDC-03型生物载体作为填料,通过特异性移动床生物膜反应器预处理发酵类制药废水。实验结果表明:在反应温度为22~26℃、DO为2~4 mg/L、污泥质量浓度为2 000 mg/L、水力停留时间为16 h的条件下,COD,NH3-N,TN,TP的平均去除率分别为72.45%,27.72%,18.54%,84.58%,BOD5/COD由0.17提高到0.38,废水的可生化性得到提高;出水经后续生化处理达到GB 21903—2008《发酵类制药工业水污染物排放标准》的排放要求。     

Effects of growth substrate on triclosan biodegradation potential of oxygenase-expressing bacteria

Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent, an endocrine disrupting compound, and an emerging contaminant in the environment. This is the first study investigating triclosan biodegradation potential of four oxygenase-expressing bacteria: Rhodococcus jostii RHA1, Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5, Rhodococcus ruber ENV425, and Burkholderia xenovorans LB400. B. xenovorans LB400 and R. ruber ENV425 were unable to degrade triclosan. Propane-grown M. vaccae JOB5 can completely degrade triclosan (5 mg L⁻¹). R. jostii RHA1 grown on biphenyl, propane, and LB medium with dicyclopropylketone (DCPK), an alkane monooxygenase inducer, was able to degrade the added triclosan (5 mg L⁻¹) to different extents. Incomplete degradation of triclosan by RHA1 is probably due to triclosan product toxicity. The highest triclosan transformation capacity (T_c, defined as the amount of triclosan degraded/the number of cells inactivated; 5.63 × 10⁻³ ng triclosan/16S rRNA gene copies) was observed for biphenyl-grown RHA1 and the lowest T_c (0.20 × 10⁻³ ng-triclosan/16S rRNA gene copies) was observed for propane-grown RHA1. No triclosan degradation metabolites were detected during triclosan degradation by propane- and LB + DCPK-grown RHA1. When using biphenyl-grown RHA1 for degradation, four chlorinated metabolites (2,4-dichlorophenol, monohydroxy-triclosan, dihydroxy-triclosan, and 2-chlorohydroquinone (a new triclosan metabolite)) were detected. Based on the detected metabolites, a meta-cleavage pathway was proposed for triclosan degradation.     

土著厌氧菌修复有机氯污染土壤的方法探索

针对工业场地有机氯污染土壤探索微生物修复的方法,试验表明:添加土著厌氧菌菌液及营养液的试验组,污染物去除率比空白组明显提高。基因测定结果显示,试验土壤中至少存在具有降解有机氯污染物能力的3种菌种。     

明亮发光杆菌培养的响应面优化及其对常见金属离子的毒性评价研究

随着人们对金属毒性认识的不断深入,对生物毒性检测方法的灵敏度提出了更高的要求.以发光度为响应值,通过响应面法对传统的明亮发光杆菌(Photobacterium phosphoreum)培养基中主要组分的浓度进行了优化,得到了最佳培养基组成：氯化钠(25.00 g·L^-1)、胰蛋白胨(4.010 g·L^-1)、酵母浸出液(1.200 g·L^-1)、甘油(2.475 g·L^-1),在此条件下培养14 h后,发光细菌的发光度达到1.7×10⁹RLU,比优化前增加了1倍,菌浓度达到0.85,较优化前增加了5%.在优化培养基组分浓度的基础上,对其他条件(接种量、p H值、温度)进行了单因素发光度影响分析,发现在接种量1%(初始种子液OD₅₉₅为0.003),测定环境22～25℃,样品p H值为6～8的条件下,利用优化培养基进行急性毒性测定基本不会影响发光度.随后,基于优化后的培养条件对常见金属离子的急性毒性进行了评价,结果表明：除Fe²⁺、Zn...     

Influence of plants on the reduction of hexavalent chromium in wetland sediments

This work addresses the effect that plants (Typha latifolia and Carex lurida) have on the reduction of Cr(VI) in wetland sediments. Experiments were carried out using tubular microcosms, where chemical species were monitored along the longitudinal flow axis. Cr(VI) removal was enhanced by the presence of plants. This is explained by a decrease in the redox potential promoted by organic root exudates released by plants. Under these conditions sulfate reduction is enhanced, increasing the concentration of sulfide species in the sediment pore water, which reduce Cr(VI). Evapotranspiration induced by plants also contributed to enhance the reduction of Cr(VI) by concentrating all chemical species in the sediment pore water. Both exudates release and evapotranspiration have a diurnal component that affects Cr(VI) reduction. Concentration profiles were fitted to a kinetic model linking sulfide and Cr(VI) concentrations corrected for evapotranspiration. This expression captures both the longitudinal as well as the diurnal Cr(VI) concentration profiles.     

Mercury methylation by a microbial community from sediments of the Adour Estuary (Bay of Biscay, France)

In order to study the influence of microorganisms on the mercury biogeochemistry, the metal content and the structure of microbial communities were determined in sediments from stations along the Adour Estuary. The comparison of the bacterial communities and their distribution in function of the environmental parameters by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed the influence of metals on the bacterial communities structure. Sediments where the bacterial communities are mostly influenced by methylmercury were incubated in slurries with or without mercury, under oxic and anoxic conditions. Methylmercury production was detected in the anoxic biotic slurries with a net methylation yield of 0.3% after 24 h. CCA based on T-RFLP profiles revealed the impact of mercury addition on the bacterial communities structure. In addition, 17 bacterial strains, mainly sulphate-reducing bacteria involved in mercury methylation, were isolated and identified.     

一种新厌氧氨氧化菌的16S rRNA基因序列测试

运用序批式试验测定厌氧氨氧化污泥的氨氮和亚硝态氮消耗量,求得厌氧氨氧化活性为9.84×10-4 mg·(mg·h)-1,厌氧氨氧化菌消耗NO-2-N与NJ 4-N之比为1.311;采用分子生物学方法从EGSB反应器颗粒污泥中提取细菌总DNA,经纯化、特异引物PCR扩增、克隆、测序等过程,得到厌氧氨氧化菌部分16S rDNA序列;通过系统发育树分析可以发现,在EGSB反应器中富集得到的厌氧氨氧化菌种(anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing Planctomycete cquenviron-1)与Candidatus"Anammoxoglobus propionicus"和Candidatus"Jettenia asiatica"同属,arnaerobic ammonium-oxidizing Planctomycete cquenviron-1与其他厌氧氨氧化菌基因序列的同源性最大为93%.结果表明,前期EGSB反应器富集得到了一种新型厌氧氨氧化菌,该菌株命名为anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing Planctomycete cquenviron-1.     

发光细菌法测定钻井液综合生物毒性

针对发光杆菌的发光度随着污染物浓度增高而呈线性降低的相关性,采用发光杆菌的相对发光度来表示污染物毒性,试验探讨了该方法的可行性,并采用发光细菌相对发光度为５０％时毒物浓度（即半数有效浓度ＥＣ５０）来表示钻井液的综合生物毒性。实验结果表明：ＨｇＣｌ２的半数有效浓度为０．１２６ｍｇ／Ｌ,此时的钻井液泥水比为１∶１０４。     

北京和保定地区大气细颗粒物中可培养细菌的种群特征

在北京城区和河北省保定郊区(望都),于2015年1月10~17日雾-霾时期,使用大气颗粒物采样器收集大气细颗粒物(PM2.5),比较了两地雾-霾时期PM2.5中可培养细菌的种群结构特征异同;使用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)观察PM2.5颗粒形态,利用后向轨迹模型NOAA/ARL HYSPLIT-4分析北京城区和保定郊区气团输送来源,采用离子色谱仪、流动分析仪和ICP-MS仪器监测PM2.5中主要水溶性离子和重金属元素含量.结果表明,北京城区和保定郊区分离得到的PM2.5可培养细菌为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和α-变形菌门(α-Proteobacteria)三大菌门,其中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为优势菌门;分离纯化鉴定出17种细菌,革兰氏阳性菌占90%以上;优势菌属为产芽孢的芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),分别占北京城区(RCEES)和保定郊区(WD)PM2.5样品中可培养细菌百分比的68.15%和75%.北京城区和保定郊区PM2.5中可培养细菌种群结构特征可能受到PM2.5理化性质和气团传输的影响.