植物促生菌在重金属生物修复中的作用机制及应用

重金属污染是导致生态和环境退化的主要因素之一.土壤重金属污染会降低土壤质量、农作物产量和品质,甚至威胁人类健康.因此,优化土壤重金属污染治理措施,对于农业高产优质可持续具有重要意义.诸多国内外学者在重金属污染植物修复方面开展了大量研究,但由于受土壤和气候环境条件的影响,其修复效率受到制约.微生物与植物的协同修复被认为是环境胁迫条件下提高重金属污染修复效率的一种有效手段.耐重金属的植物促生细菌（PGPB）不仅可以促进植物生长,提高对生物胁迫（如病原菌）和非生物胁迫（如干旱、高盐、极端温度和重金属等）的抗性,还可以改变土壤中重金属的生物利用度和毒性,从而提高植物对重金属的修复效率.系统地梳理了耐重金属的PGPB在促进植物生长,增强植物抗逆性和影响重金属生物利用度方面的作用机制,并进一步综述了近年来国内外关于PGPB在生态修复中的应用和研究进展.     

污泥细菌偶氮呼吸机制与偶氮染料降解矿化机理

利用污泥细菌生物降解矿化偶氮染料,已成功用于偶氮染料废水处理,并将成为该领域研究开发的热点和发展趋势。综述了好氧、厌氧细菌的两种偶氮呼吸机制,并总结了偶氮呼吸直接产物芳香胺类在好氧、厌氧条件下进一步降解与矿化机理的异同,同时提出在偶氮染料废水处理中厌氧-好氧串联式生物反应器能有效用于偶氮化合物的降解矿化。     

PCR-DGGE技术用于处理苯乙烯废气的生物滴滤塔中微生物优势菌种解析

采用生物滴滤塔能够有效去除含苯乙烯恶臭气体,塔内微生物中含有大量的球菌和杆状菌。采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术研究处理苯乙烯恶臭气体的生物滴滤塔填料表面的微生物,结果表明,去除苯乙烯生物滴滤塔中有5种菌为降解苯乙烯的优势菌种;通过16S rDNA基因扩增测序同源性比对,结果显示嗜甲基杆菌属(methylophilus)丰度为50.5%,2种变形菌属(alpha proteobacterium、delta proteobacterium)相对丰度分别为16.9%和11.6%。     

生物沸石球强化吸附氨氮废水的动力学研究

用一种具有多孔结构特征的沸石球作为载体固定化硝化细菌强化吸附氨氮废水。结果表明,沸石球能快速固定化硝化细菌,吸附动力学表明150 min对氨氮吸附容量达到2.816 mg/g,而且还有继续增加的趋势。假二级动力学方程和Elovich模型的精确拟合说明,生物沸石球对氨氮的吸附过程可能是非均相扩散起作用及以化学吸附反应为主的复杂转化过程。扩散拟合结果表明,氨氮在生物沸石球的吸附是以液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散为吸附速率的控制步骤,活性的硝化细菌对氨氮的硝化使氨氮在微孔的吸附得到了强化。     

Molecular approaches to microbiological monitoring: fecal source detection

Molecular methods are useful both to monitor natural communities of bacteria, and to track specific bacterial markers in complex environments. Length-heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction (LH-PCR) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of 16S rDNAs discriminate among 16S rRNA genes based on length polymorphisms of their PCR products. With these methods, we developed an alternative indicator that distinguishes the source of fecal pollution in water. We amplify 16S rRNA gene fragments from the fecal anaerobic genus Bacteroides with specific primers. Because Bacteroides normally resides in gut habitats, its presence in water indicates fecal pollution. Molecular detection circumvents the complexities of growing anaerobic bacteria. We identified Bacteroides LH-PCR and T-RFLP ribosomal DNA markers unique to either ruminant or human feces. The same unique fecal markers were recovered from polluted natural waters. We cloned and sequenced the unique markers; marker sequences were used to design specific PCR primers that reliably distinguish human from ruminant sources of fecal contamination. Primers for more species are under development. This approach is more sensitive than fecal coliform assays, is comparable in complexity to standard food safety and public health diagnostic tests, and lends itself to automation and high-throughput. Thus molecular genetic markers for fecal anaerobic bacteria hold promise for monitoring bacterial pollution and water quality.     

生物炭固定化硫酸盐还原菌对Cd2+吸附及作用机制分析

分别在300、500、700℃下限氧热解稻草、小麦和玉米秸秆制备生物炭,并以制备的生物炭为载体固定化硫酸盐还原菌(SRB),对比不同类型生物炭固定化SRB对Cd²⁺的吸附效果,筛选出吸附效果最佳的固定化SRB菌剂,并采用SEM、FTIR和BET对其进行表征分析;同时,研究溶液pH、吸附时间、生物炭添加量、Cd²⁺浓度对吸附效应的影响,并结合吸附动力学和等温吸附模型探究其对Cd²⁺的吸附过程及作用机理.结果表明,700℃限氧热解小麦秸秆生物炭固定化SRB菌剂(IBXM700)对Cd²⁺的吸附效果最佳;在pH=8、生物炭添加量为0.6 g(每50 mL溶液)、吸附时间为8 h、Cd²⁺初始浓度为40 mg·L^-1条件下,IBXM700对Cd²⁺的吸附效果最佳,其吸附符合拟一级动力学模型,以离子交换和表面物理吸附为主,以化学吸附作用为辅,且符合Langmuir模型,表明是单分子层吸附;离子交换、沉淀可能是IBXM700吸附Cd^2+...     

Simultaneous removal of COD and nitrogen using a novel carbon-membrane aerated biofilm reactor

A membrane aerated biofilm reactor is a promising technology for wastewater treatment. In this study, a carbon-membrane aerated biofilm reactor （CMABR） has been developed, to remove carbon organics and nitrogen simultaneously from one reactor. The results showed that CMABR has a high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and nitrogen removal efficiency, as it is operated with a hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 20 h, and it also showed a perfect performance, even if the HRT was shortened to 12 h. In this period, the removal efficiencies of COD, ammonia nitrogen （NH4^＋-N）, and total nitrogen （TN） reached 86%, 94%, and 84%, respectively. However, the removal efficiencies of NH4^＋-N and TN declined rapidly as the HRT was shortened to 8 h. This is because of the excessive growth of biomass on the nonwoven fiber and very high organic loading rate. The fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） analysis indicated that the ammonia oxidizing bacteria （AOB） were mainly distributed in the inner layer of the biofilm. The coexistence of AOB and eubacteria in one biofilm can enhance the simultaneous removal of COD and nitrogen.     

Decomposition and phosphorus release from four different size fractions of Microcystis spp. taken from Lake Taihu, China

Decomposition of Microcystis is accompanied by the release of phosphorus,during bacteria play an important role.A series of experiments were undertaken to evaluate the effect of bacteria on the decomposition of Microcystis taken from Lake Taihu,China,a lake that is suffering from dense Microcystis blooms.The 16 experiments involved four size fractions of colonial Microcystis with or without the addition of lake sediment and Gram-negative bacterial inhibitor NAN_3.The highest decomposition rates were reco...     

Inactivated properties of activated carbon-supported TiO2 nanoparticles for bacteria and kinetic study

The activated carbon-supported TiO2 nanoparticles(TiO2/AC)were prepared by a properly controlled sol-gel method.The effects of activated carbons(AC)support on inactivated properties of TiO2 nanoparticles were evaluated by photocatalytic inactivation experiments of Escherichia coli.The key factors affecting the inactivation effciency were investigated,including electric power of lamp, temperature,and pH values.The results show that the TiO2/AC composites have high inactivation properties of E.coli in compari...     

分层型水库水体好氧不产氧光合细菌时空演替特征

好氧不产氧光合细菌(aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis bacteria,AAPB)以多样的群落结构及独特的代谢功能在水体物质循环中扮演着重要角色.基于实时荧光定量PCR及Illumina MiSeq高通量DNA测序技术研究金盆水库水体中AAPB丰度及群落结构时空演替特征,结合冗余分析揭示环境因子对其群落结构影响规律.结果表明,金盆水库水体AAPB丰度(以pufM基因计)变化范围为(6.70±0.43)×10³～(2.69±0.15)×10⁴ copies·mL^-1,最大值出现于10月,且随水深增加而减小.样本主要归为19个属(除未分类菌属外),优势AAPB菌属包括慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium sp.)和甲烷菌属(Methylobacterium sp.),两者隶属α-变形菌(α-Proteobacteria),其中慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium sp.)占比于11月最高,高达60%以上(除10 m外),此外也发现了以低比例存在的红长命菌属(Rubrivivax ...