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261.
Harry I. Nightingale 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1987,23(4):663-672
ABSTRACT: The accumulation of arsenic, nickel, copper, and lead in the soil profile was determined beneath five urban storm-water retention/recharge basins used by the Fresno Metropolitan Flood Control District, California. Soils were sampled from the surface to the first zone of saturation and compared with soils from an adjacent un-contaminated control site. These elements were found to be accumulating in the first few centimeters of basin soil and are important to the effectiveness of a specific best management practice, i.e., the retention and recharge of urban storm water. Study basins in use since 1962, 1965, and 1969 had lead contents in the 0–2 cm soil depth interval‘of 570, 670, and 1400 mg Pb/kg soil, respectively. The median indigenous soil lead concentration was 4.6 mg/kg soil. The practice of removing excess flood runoff water from two basins by pumping apparently is a factor in reducing the accumulation rate of these elements in the surface soils of the basins. 相似文献
262.
数值模拟已成为目前地下水有机污染现场中,预测和评价溶解相有机污染物运移的主要手段。自从MT3D问世以来,它在地下水溶质运移的模拟中得到了广泛的应用。MT3D中包含有4种不同的数值算法——MOC,MMOC,HMOC和UFDM。利用Processing MODFLOW Pro.7.0.5建立了均质一维流动的地下水数学模型,考虑溶解相有机污染物在地下水中运移时的4个主要影响因素——对流、弥散、吸附和降解,设定了14种代表性的情形,模拟了等浓度污染源条件下污染物的运移,并将不同数值算法的计算结果与理论解进行比较,从而研究不同数值算法的优缺点,为实际数值模拟时算法的选择提供依据。 相似文献
263.
Frederick Bloetscher Fernando Pleitez James Hart David Stambaugh Jon Cooper Karl Kennedy Lauren Sher Burack 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2014,50(2):324-333
The use of waters of impaired quality has been suggested as a means to expand available water resources supply for water‐limited communities. An ongoing concern is the safety of supplies that use wastewater because of the potential for introduction of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals into drinking water supplies. Prior research into contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) have included a variety of methods, but the only consistent removal is with reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, ultraviolet light (UV), and advanced oxidation processes (AOP). However, few of these prior studies have measurable quantities of these contaminants in the influent wastewater, so determining actual removal percentages is difficult. This project was designed to evaluate the removal of CECs to verify that a 3‐log removal of common constituents was realized. Spike testing was used to compare to prior research and to evaluate whether the project costs were competitive with other forms of reuse or other water supplies. The combination of RO/UV/AOP was effective at obtaining a 3‐log removal of CECs, but the RO and UV/AOP processes alone were not capable of removing all substances. However, despite the extensive treatment, the proposed process was both competitive cost‐wise and met the water quality goals. 相似文献
264.
Modeling and interpreting bioavailability of organic contaminant mixtures in subsurface environments
Bioavailability often controls the fate of organic contaminants in surface and subsurface aquatic environments. Bioavailability can be limited by sorption, mass transfer, and intrinsic biodegradation potential and can be further altered by the presence of other compounds. This paper reviews current perspectives on the processes influencing subsurface contaminant bioavailability, how these processes are modeled, and how the relative role of the various processes can be assessed through bioavailability indices. Although these processes are increasingly well understood, the use of sophisticated models and indices often are precluded by an inability to estimate the many parameters that are associated with complex models. Nonetheless, the proper representation of sorption, mass transfer, biodegradation, and co-solute effects can be critical in predicting bio-attenuation. The influence of these processes on contaminant fate is illustrated with numerical simulations for the simultaneous degradation of toluene (growth substrate) and trichloroethylene (nongrowth cometabolite) in hypothetical, aerobic, solid-water systems. The results show how the relative impacts on contaminant fate of the model's various component processes depends upon system conditions, including co-solute concentrations. Slow biodegradation rates increase the inhibition effects of a cometabolite and suppress the rate enhancement effects of a growth substrate. Irrespective of co-solute effects, contaminant fate is less sensitive to biodegradation processes in systems with strong sorption and slow desorption rates. Bioavailability indices can be used to relate these findings and to help identify appropriate modeling simplifications. In general, however, there remains a need to redefine such indices in order that bioavailability concepts can be better incorporated into site characterization, remediation design, and regulatory oversight. 相似文献
265.
This is a study of the scientific component of an effort to restore an urban river by removing a low-head dam. The Secor Dam
is owned by a local government entity near Toledo, Ohio. The proposed removal of the last structure impeding flow on the Ottawa
River has broad appeal, but the owner is concerned about liability issues, particularly potential changes to the flood regime,
the presence of contaminated sediments behind the dam, and possible downstream transport of reservoir sediments. Assessing
sediment contamination involved sediment sampling and analysis of trace metals and organic contaminants. Forecasting sediment
transport involved field methods to determine the volume and textural properties of reservoir and upstream sediment and calculations
to determine the fate of reservoir sediments. Forecasting changes in the flood regime involved HEC-RAS hydrological models
to determine before and after dam removal flood scenarios using LiDAR data imported into an ArcGIS database. The resulting
assessment found potential sediment contamination to be minor, and modeling showed that the removal of the dam would have
minimal impacts on sediment transport and flood hazards. Based on the assessment, the removal of the dam has been approved
by its owners. 相似文献
266.
267.
新污染物长期存在于水环境中,其对生态、人类健康存在的潜在危害和风险是不可忽视,而研究其在地表水中的分布特征及其来源可对新污染物的源头治理与管控提供帮助.武进港是太湖西北部的主要入湖河流之一,为了解武进港流域新污染物的分布,采用液相色谱-高分辨率质谱仪(LC-HRMS)对19处地表水样(包括主河道12个水样、支流7个水样)和污水处理厂出水水样中的新污染物进行高通量筛查.共识别出294种新污染物,其中药物类和农药类新污染物占比较大,分别为35.4%和32.3%.主成分分析表明,污水处理厂出水受新污染物污染的情况与地表水具有显著差异,同时19个地表水点位中,新污染物的分布在武进港流域存在南北地区差异.通过Mann-Whitney U检验,并绘制火山图,北部筛选出70种特征新污染物,其中药物类新污染物占比最大,为48.6%,包括咖啡因、金刚烷胺、缬沙坦等.南部筛选出17种特征新污染物,农药类占比最大,为52.9%,包括2-甲基-4-氯苯氧乙酸(MCPA)、灭草松等.相关性分析结果显示,农药类特征新污染物与农田占比呈正相关. 相似文献
268.
用臭氧氧化处理镀镍漂洗废水中的有机物,主要考察pH、臭氧投加量、废水初始COD浓度、温度等因素对处理效果的影响,并对反应机理进行初步的探讨.实验结果表明,废水的COD去除率随pH的增大而升高,比较适宜的pH为6~7;适当地增加臭氧投加量有利于提高COD去除率;在一定温度范围(15~35℃)内,提高反应温度有利于废水中有机物的降解;当臭氧投加量为20 mg/(min·L),对于初始COD为56 mg/L、pH 6.5的实际镀镍漂洗废水,在25 ℃的条件下氧化100min,出水COD降至10mg/L,COD去除率达到82%;在臭氧氧化镀镍漂洗废水的反应中,部分有机物的降解是在Ni2 的催化下由臭氧分解生成氧化能力更强的自由基来完成.臭氧氧化可作为镀镍漂洗废水处理回用的预处理工艺. 相似文献
269.
新兴污染物水环境保护标准及其实用型去除技术 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
近年来,在国内外的城市污水、地表水、饮用水中,频繁检出一些新兴污染物,严重威胁着生态安全和饮用水水质安全.传统的有机污染物综合指标,如化学需氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD)等不能反映该类污染物的污染状况,也不能完全代表水质状况,因此建立控制新兴污染物的水环境保护标准十分必要.另外,从众多研究的去除技术中识别出高效、经济、可行的实用型去除技术对实际污水处理厂去除新兴污染物的意义重大.本文主要分析与介绍国内外有关新兴污染物的水环境保护标准现状,并基于发达国家的实际案例,总结了针对新兴污染物的一些实用型去除技术,以期对相关水环境保护标准的制定起到推动作用,并为后续污水处理厂的升级改造提供技术支持. 相似文献
270.