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161.
人工湿地控制非点源污染的应用 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
随着点源污染的有效管理和控制,非点源污染已成为水环境污染的主要原因。人工湿地作为一种控制水环境非点源污染的有效工具,已被世界上很多国家所认可。本文首先简述了非点源污染的危害,其次对人工湿地的概念和类型进行了介绍,论述了人工湿地对非点源污染中氮、磷、重金属和农药等主要污染物的去除机理,最后对人工湿地处理系统的附属设施、水力因素、表土层以及植物收割等应用问题进行了探讨。 相似文献
162.
抚顺石化分公司石油三厂原有硫磺回收装置的处理能力已经不能满足生产的需要,2002年对硫磺回收装置进行了扩建和改造。该装置采用了一段高温转化、二级催化转化的克劳斯工艺,采用揝SR敾乖?吸收工艺处理尾气。扩能改造后,新增的尾气处理能力与硫磺回收能力相配套,排放的废气符合国家现行的环保标准。该装置工艺路线合理、可靠,硫回收率高。 相似文献
163.
Mohammad N. Almasri Jagath J. Kaluarachchi 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2004,40(1):165-186
ABSTRACT: This paper presents a modeling approach based on a geographic information system (GIS) to estimate the variability of on‐ground nitrogen loading and the corresponding nitrate leaching to ground water. The methodology integrates all point and nonpoint sources of nitrogen, the national land cover database, soil nitrogen transformations, and the uncertainty of key soil and land use‐related parameters to predict the nitrate mass leaching to ground water. The analysis considered 21 different land use classes with information derived from nitrogen sources such as fertilizer and dairy manure applications, dairy lagoons, septic systems, and dry and wet depositions. Simulations were performed at a temporal resolution of one month to capture seasonal trends. The model was applied to a large aquifer of 376 square miles in Washington State that serves more than 100,000 residents with drinking water. The results showed that dairy manure is the main source of nitrogen in the area followed by fertilizers. It was also seen that nitrate leaching is controlled by the recharge rate, and there can be a substantial buildup of soil nitrogen over long periods of time. Uncertainty analysis showed that denitrification rate is the most influential parameter on nitrate leaching. The results showed that combining management alternatives is a successful strategy, especially with the use of nitrification inhibitors. Also, change in the land use pattern has a noticeable impact on nitrate leaching. 相似文献
164.
Mario Tiscareo‐Lpez Miguel Velsquez‐Valle Jaime Salinas‐Garcia Alma Delia Bez‐Gonzlez 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2004,40(2):401-408
ABSTRACT: Intensive cropping systems based on mechanical movement of soil have induced land degradation in most agricultural areas due to soil erosion and soil fertility losses. Thus, farmers have been increasing fertilization rates to maintain an economically competitive crop yield. This practice has resulted in water quality degradation and lake eutrophication in many agricultural watersheds. Research was conducted in the Patzcuaro watershed in central Mexico to develop appropriate technology that prevents nonpoint source pollution from fertilizers. Organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) losses in runoff and nitrate (NO3‐N) percolation in Andisols with corn under conventional till (CT) and no‐till (NT) treatments using variable percentages of crop residue as soil cover were investigated for steep‐slope agriculture. USLE type runoff plots were used to collect water runoff, while suction tubes with porous caps at 30, 60, and 90 cm depth were used to sample soil water solutes for NO3‐N analyses. Results indicated a significant reduction of N and OM losses in runoff as residue cover increased in the NT treatments. Inorganic N in runoff was 25 kg/ha for NT without residue cover (NT‐0) and 6 kg/ha for the NT with 100 percent residue cover (NT‐100). Organic matter losses in runoff were 157 and 24 kg/ha for the NT‐0 and NT‐100 treatments, respectively. Nitrate‐N percolation was evident in CT and NT with 100 percent residue cover (NT‐100). However, NT‐100 had higher NO3‐N concentration at the root zone, suggesting the possibility of reducing fertilization rates with the use of NT treatments. 相似文献
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168.
Summary This paper is a comparative study of several antennas commonly used in cellular telephones. These include a monopole, a helix-monopole
and a patch antenna. Each one of these structures is modeled and numerically tested using finite-difference time-domain simulation
and human models based on magnetic-resonance images, which allow for inclusion of details of the human body in the simulation.
The testing procedure involves antenna simulation in the proximity of the human head. The behavior of each antenna is evaluated
for variable distances from the head geometry (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mm). Continuous waveform, representative of the sources
used in mobile telephones, (250 mW, 1.8 GHz) is used as the form of the antenna excitation. The simulation outputs used as
measures for this comparative study include transmitting and receiving antenna characteristics and the specific absorption
rate (SAR). The SAR levels for the head tissues are calculated for and with accordance to the two currently accepted standards:
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The computed
SAR levels within each of the considered tissues vary for the three antennas under investigation and are within the determined
health safety standards. Results suggest that the patch antenna may be the structure of choice when considering safety standards,
as its radiation yields the lowest local SAR in the head tissues. 相似文献
169.
Ross S. Lunetta Richard G. Greene John G. Lyon 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2005,41(5):1129-1147
This study quantified nonpoint source nitrogen (NPS‐N) sources and sinks across the 14,582 km2 Neuse River Basin (NRB) located in North Carolina, to provide tabular data summaries and graphic overlay products to support the development of management approaches to best achieve established N reduction goals. First, a remote sensor derived, land cover classification was performed to support modeling needs. Modeling efforts included the development of a mass balance model to quantify potential N sources and sinks, followed by a precipitation event driven hydrologic model to effectively transport excess N across the landscape to individual stream reaches to support subsequent labeling of transported N values corresponding to source origin. Results indicated that agricultural land contributed 55 percent of the total annual NPS‐N loadings, followed by forested land at 23 percent (background), and urban areas at 21 percent. Average annual N source contributions were quantified for agricultural (1.4 kg/ha), urban (1.2 kg/ha), and forested cover types (0.5 kg/ha). Nonpoint source‐N contributions were greatest during the winter (40 percent), followed by spring (32 percent), summer (28 percent), and fall (0.3 percent). Seasonal total N loadings shifted from urban dominated and forest dominated sources during the winter, to agricultural sources in the spring and summer. A quantitative assessment of the significant NRB land use activities indicated that high (greater than 70 percent impervious) and medium (greater than 35 percent impervious) density urban development were the greatest contributors of NPS‐N on a unit area basis (1.9 and 1.6 kg/ha/yr, respectively), followed by row crops and pasture/hay cover types (1.4 kg/ha/yr). 相似文献
170.
ABSTRACTThe present study was carried out to investigate the effect of three organic matters (stalk powder, microbial fertilizer, and manure) on Leymus chinensis germination, growth, and urease activity and available nitrogen (N) in coastal saline soil. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design with eight treatments: J0V0Y0, J1V0Y0, J0V1Y0, J0V0Y1, J1V1Y0, J1V0Y1, J0V1Y1, J1V1Y1. The notations were based on the quantities of each agent added to 1 kg of coastal saline soil: J0 – no straw powder, J1 – 0.2 kg straw powder, Y0 – no manure, Y1 – 0.3 kg manure, V0 – no microbial fertilizer, V1 – 0.2 L microbial fertilizer, each in quantic repeat. L. chinensis was sown as 50 seeds per pot. Results indicated that addition of organic agents exerted a significantly enhanced germination, increase in fresh weight and elevated soil urease activity. Soil available N levels were significantly positively correlated with soil urease activity and fresh weight, but not with germination rate. It is noteworthy that the halophyte L. chinensis showed improved characteristics when grown in coastal saline soil with addition of organic amendments. 相似文献