矿化垃圾床反应器厌氧甲烷氧化协同生物脱氮的研究

垃圾卫生填埋过程中逸散的甲烷与渗滤液处理过程中反硝化段不够彻底产生的硝酸盐对周围环境具有严重的威胁,反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化技术可实现甲烷与硝酸盐的同步去除,极具应用前景.本研究通过模拟垃圾填埋过程,以矿化垃圾作为垃圾填埋的覆土层与反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化微生物的接种源,建立了矿化垃圾床系统.结果表明,反应系统在140d的运行期间...     

盐度变化对崇明东部河口潮滩氮营养盐循环影响实验模拟研究

以长江口咸淡水交互作用最为典型岸段崇明东部潮滩作为研究区域,运用实验模拟方法,定量地研究了盐度变化对潮滩生态系中无机氮的迁移、转化过程的影响。结果发现,盐度升高有利于沉积物中的NH4-N向上覆水扩散,但NO2-N和NO3-N的界面扩散呈现相反的变化趋势;沉积物中可交换态无机氮含量变化特征显示,在盐度变化剧烈的潮滩生态系统内,硝化作用可能是控制沉积物(尤其是表层沉积物)中无机氮分布的重要因素。     

哑铃湾网箱养殖水体中N的含量特征

根据2002年4月～2003年1月对哑铃湾网箱养殖海区水化学的现场调查,分析了网箱养殖水体中不同形态N的季节变化和含量特征,结果表明:网箱养殖使水体中各形态N都有不同程度的增加,尤其是DIN、NH4 N的增量更大;短期养殖对各形态N的影响不大,而长期养殖对水体中N的影响较显著。     

底栖穴居动物对潮滩N迁移转化的影响

以软体动物河蚬(Corbiculafluminea)为例,运用实验模拟的方法,通过对上覆水、孔隙水和沉积物的对比分析,研究了底栖动物对潮滩N迁移转化的影响。实验结果发现,河蚬主要通过排泄和生物扰动影响N在沉积物-水界面间的迁移转化。在富氧的环境下,底栖动物的活动结果使NO3 N在上覆水中有明显的持续累积效应,NH4 N在较深层孔隙水中积累,而NO2 N易在沉积物中累积。     

腐植质与有机污染物作用研究进展

综述了腐殖质的结构特性、与有机污染物的结合性质以及腐殖质对有机污染物毒性和生物可利用率的影响。已有的研究表明:腐殖质与有机污染物的结合能力受到下列因素的影响———腐殖质的结构、腐殖质的分子量和浓度、有机物的结构、水环境条件以及光化学降解作用等;腐殖质的存在通常降低了有机污染物的毒性,但在少数情况下例外,其推测性的机理还有待于实验进一步验证;有机污染物的生物可利用率不仅与腐殖质的浓度和组成有关,还受水体PH值的影响。本文同时对腐殖质的结构和多样性的研究、腐殖质对极性有机污染物的迁移、毒性和生物可利用率的研究、腐殖质增强某些有机物毒性的机理的研究进行了展望。     

氮肥品种及施肥方式对小白菜产量与品质的影响

氮肥在农业生产中起着重要的作用,但是氮肥的大量施用不仅造成养分比例失调及环境污染,而且会限制产量的提高和品质的改善。针对广东蔬菜氮肥施用不合理的现象,在田间试验条件下研究了不同氮肥品种和不同底追比对小白菜产量和营养品质的影响,旨在为华南地区的蔬菜施用氮肥提供参考。试验结果表明,施氮极显著提高了小白菜的生物量和产量,亦增加了硝酸盐的累积量,其中尿素处理增产效果最好,蔬菜专用肥(磷铵 尿素)处理小白菜硝酸盐累积量最低,其次是碳酸氢铵和氯化铵处理。各氮肥处理间Vc和可溶性糖含量差异达到极显著水平,其中蔬菜专用肥处理含量最高;不同底、追肥处理间产量和Vc含量的差异达到显著或极显著水平,而可溶性糖含量差异未达到显著水平。除底肥70%、追肥30%的处理外,其余处理均极显著提高了硝酸盐含量。在本试验条件下,蔬菜专用肥既可以提高小白菜产量,又可以明显改善小白菜营养品质与卫生品质,如果以尿素为氮源,底肥70%、追肥30%是兼顾产量和品质的优化处理。     

中国农田肥料N2O直接和间接排放重新评估

农田肥料(氮肥、复合肥、有机肥)是我国N₂O最大的排放源,其估计直接决定了排放总量的可靠性.为此,重新评估了中国农田肥料N₂O的直接和间接排放,选择2008年县域尺度活动数据、具有空间分异性的本土排放因子和参数来重新评估其排放规模、结构、空间格局及不确定性;通过与IPCC、EDGAR等国内外研究结果的对比分析,阐述该排放清单的可靠性和全面性.结果表明,2008年我国农田肥料N₂O排放总量为617.1 Gg(处于213.7~1149.2 Gg之间),其中,氮肥直接排放为458.8 Gg(74.5%),有机肥直接排放为121.0 Gg(19.6%),挥发沉降和淋溶径流造成的间接排放分别为28.0 Gg(4.5%)和9.3 Gg(仅占1.5%左右).排放集中在华北平原、东北的松辽平原、华中的淮河流域和四川盆地,以及华南的珠三角、雷州半岛和台湾地区的县(区、市、旗),主要分布在江苏(52.4 Gg)、四川(48.0 Gg)、湖北(43.2 Gg)、广东(40.8 Gg)、河南(39.6 Gg)、安徽(38.4 Gg)、湖南(31.6 Gg)、山东(28.9 Gg),其累积规模为全国总量的52%,其中,近50%的贡献源于164个县(区、市、旗).本排放清单具有更高的准确度和空间分辨率,而基于IPCC (2006)排放因子及参数的估计排放总量高估了约8.3%,对直接排放和间接排放则分别低估了12.5%和高估了330%.此外,在空间格局上还表现出高值区低估和低值区高估的特点,在491和1225个县(区、市、旗)的相对偏差超过了100%和50%,特别指出的是,间接排放在大部分县(区、市、旗)的相对偏差达到135%左右.     

Responses of chlorophyll fluorescence and nitrogen level of Leymus chinensis seedling to changes of soil moisture and temperature

Controlled experiment of Leymus chinensis seedlings grown in the environmental growth chambers at 3 soil moisture levels and 3 temperature levels was conducted in order to improve the understanding how leaf photosynthetic parameters will respond to climatic change. The results indicated that soil drought and high temperature decreased the photochemical efficiency of photosystem ( Fw/Fm ), the overall photochemical quantum yield of PSIl(yield), the coefficient of photochemical fluorescence quenching(qp), but increased the coefficient of non-photochemical fluorescence quenching( q, ). Severe soil drought would decrease Fv/Fm and yield by 3.12% and 37.04% under 26% condition, respectively, and 6.60% and 73.33% under 32% condition, respectively,suggesting that higher temperature may enhance the negative effects of soil drought. All the soil drought treatments resulted in the decline in leaf nitrogen content. There was no significant effect of temperature on leaf nitrogen level,but higher temperature significantly reduced the root nitrogen content and the ratio of root nitrogen to leaf nitrogen,indicating the different strategies of adaptation to soil drought and temperature. It was also implied that higher temperature would enhance the effect of soil drought on leaf photosynthetic capacity, decrease the adaptability of Leymus chinensis to drought.     

Experimental study on pollutant movement in surf zone

The experiments on pollutant movement in surf zone were conducted on the two gentle beaches(with slope of 1:100 and 1:40, respectively), for diverse wave cases. The movement contours and direction of pollutants, under the action of regular and random waves with diverse wave amplitudes, were provided and studied in this paper. It was shown that, due to complicated hydrodynamics in surf zone, the pollutant movement state is quite complicated and different from that in pure current zone.     

Assessment on the pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus of Beijing surface water based on GIS system and multivariate statistical approaches

This paper presented the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Beijing surface water during the survey. A significant difference was found out in concentration distribution of various parameters of nitrogen and phosphorus. Most water bodies in five water systems were polluted by total nitrogen with the content even up to 120 mg/L which was higher than exceeded the fifth class standard of national surface water quality standard GB3838-2002 except for several segments of Chaobaihe and Yongdinghe. Ammonia and phosphorus showed a similar tendency of distribution with higher content in Daqinghe, Beiyunhe and Jiyunhe water systems, but with relatively low concentrations in Chaobaihe and Yongdinghe water systems. Meanwhile, nitrate was found at comparatively low content (mostly less than 10 mg/L) and could fit for corresponding water quality requirements. Totally, the water quality of Daqinghe, Jiyunhe and Beiyunhe river systems as well as the lower reaches of Yongdinghe and Chaobaihe was contaminated seriously with high content of total nitrogen and phosphorus. Through multivariate statistical approaches, it can be concluded that total nitrogen, ammonia and total phosphorus was highly correlated to chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity,which explained the same pollution source from anthropogenic activities.