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31.
Ports can generate large quantity of pollutants in the atmosphere due to various activities like loading and unloading,transportation, and construction operations. Determination of the character and quantity of emissions from individual sources is an essential step in any project to control and minimize the emissions.In this study a detailed emission inventory of total suspendedparticulate matter (TSP), particulate matter less than 10 m(PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) for a port and harbour project near Mumbai is compiled. Results show that the total annual average contributions of TSP and PM10 from all the port activitieswere 872 and 221 t yr-1, respectively. Annual average emissions of gaseous pollutants SO2 and NOxwere 56 and 397 t yr-1, respectively, calculatedby using emission factors for different port activities. The maximum TSP emission (419 t yr -1) was from paved roads, while the least (0.4 t yr-1) was from bulk handling activity. The maximum PM10 emission (123 t yr-1) was from unpaved roads and minimum (0.2 t yr-1) from bulk handling operations. Similarly the ratio of TSP and PM10 emission was highest (5.18) from paved roads and least (2.17) from bulk handling operations. Regression relation was derivedfrom existing emission data of TSP and PM10 from variousport activities. Good correlation was observed between TSP andPM10 having regression coefficient >0.8. 相似文献
32.
A new procedure of determining optimal C/N (the rate of carbon source to nitrogen source) of mixed distillers' grains for combined bacteria synergic fermentation is established. At the same time an improved method evaluating bacteria growth, called method of dry cell weighing by filtering is developed. For each combination of C and N , their initial and residual contents before and after fermentation respectively are determined. Then followed the calculation of utilization of C and N sources by the compound bacteria. The optimal C/N is finally located from among the utilization of C and N of several combinations and the weight of produced mass of oven-dried thallus The conditions of fermentation are: inoculum size 10%, temperature 30.0℃, rotational speed 170 r/min, shake culture time 48h. The best results obtained from orthogonal experiments are: maximum mass of oven dried thallus is 14.693g in a liter liquid medium, maximum utilization rate of carbon source is 98.13% and maximum utilization rate of nitrogen is 78.14%. Optimal C/N is 5.1. 相似文献
33.
滇池细菌总数与有机碳、氮、磷的调查研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
通过对滇池水体一年多的定点采样工作,重点调查研究了草海、外海表层水中细菌数量及有机营养盐碳、氮、磷的季节变化规律,分析探讨了细菌总数与环境条件和有机营养盐之间的某些关系.对滇池富营养治理提出了一些建议,并提出利用微生物学的方法参与这一研究. 相似文献
34.
骆马湖的氮磷平衡及实施截污工程对水质改善效果的研究 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
骆马湖“九五”期间的氮磷平衡分析结果表明:氮磷在骆马湖湖体中的滞留量分别为1188.89t/a和193.36t/a。根据骆马湖的水质要求,在骆马湖截污工程完成后,没有新的污染进入水体的前提下,对骆马湖水体通过自然净化恢复到要求状态所需的时间进行了详细的数学推导和科学论证,结果表明,在不考虑底泥营养物质的情况下,只需0.19年左右的时间就能恢复,如果考虑底泥的影响。也只需0.59年左右的时间就能恢复,因此得出结论:对骆马湖实施截污是加速骆马湖水体改善的最佳途径。 相似文献
35.
L. V. Mukhortova I. N. Bezkorovainaya 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(1):191-202
The evaluation of biospheric role of the boreal forests in the accumulation of carbon is connected with the evaluation of
organic matter (OM) pool in soils. The research sites were larch forests, they are situated on Nizhne-Tungusskoe Plateau.
Larch forests of feather-moss and lichen types (110 and 380 years old) were formed on 'ochric podbur' soils. Litter stocks
are 3.5–4.5 kg m− 2 with thickness 10–25 cm. Cryomezomorphic northern taiga soils contains 38–73 t (carbon) ha− 1. Pool of fast mineralized OM has average value 38.1 t (carbon) ha− 1, including 20.5 and 6.4 t (Carbon) ha− 1 of labile compounds on surface and in the soil, and 11.2 t (carbon) ha− 1 of mobile OM. Microbial mass reaches 1.78–3.47 t (carbon) ha− 1, its proportion is 3.6–4.9% of the total OM carbon. Zoomass of feather-moss larch forest is 0.20–0.61 * 10− 2, in lichen larch forest −0.01–0.07 * 10− 2 t (carbon) ha− 1. A pool of resistant to biological decomposition and bonded to mineral soil matrix OM is 17.7 t (carbon) ha− 1 and it varies from 18.6 to 29.0 in feather-moss larch forest, and from 6.4 to 17.0 t (carbon) ha− 1 in lichen larch forest. Two-years field experiment has been performed to determine transformation rates of various plant
litter fractions and to clarify the role of soil biota in these processes. The results showed participation of all biota groups
in the decomposition of plant residues caused weight loss of larch-needles and root mortmass. Isolation of organic matter
from all-size invertebrate groups leads to some decrease of decomposition activity. 相似文献
36.
37.
氨氮污染对宁夏水环境质量的影响及其控制 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
近年来氨氮污染对宁夏水环境质量的影响日趋势严重,文中通过大量的监测数据,分析了水环境中氨氮污染现状及其变化趋势,研究了氨氮污染物的来源和分布,并在此基础上提出了控制氨氮污染的对策。 相似文献
38.
水稻烤田期间N2O排放及其影响因素 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
水稻田间实验研究了烤田期间的土壤温度、Eh、含水量和裂缝基本性质,矿质态氮以及与氮有关的酶活性的演变规律,及其对N2O排放的影响.试验表明,在水稻分蘖期间烤田,N2O有一个排放高峰,其最高值可达75.6μg·m-2·h-1.在排放高峰后,即使继续烤田,N2O的排放值也将降低.N2O排放与尿素氮肥的施用量没有明显关系.裂缝的生成,改变了N2O的日排放规律.随着烤田时间的延长,脲酶和羟胺还原酶活性呈波动变化,硝酸还原酶活性递减,亚硝酸还原酶活性极低.硝酸还原酶活性与N2O排放之间没有显著相关性.土壤中的脲酶活性与N2O日排放通量呈显著的线性正相关.在烤田期间,NO-3含量呈增加趋势.土壤中的硝态氮含量与N2O排放通量之间呈显著正线性关系.土壤中的铵态氮含量与N2O排放通量之间呈显著负线性相关. 相似文献
39.
G.L. Feng J. Letey A.C. Chang M. Campbell Mathews 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2005,110(3-4):219-229
Large scale dairy operations are common. In many cases the manure is deposited on a paved surface and then removed with a flushing system, after which the solids are separated, the liquid stored in ponds, and eventually the liquid applied on adjacent crop land. Management of liquid manure to maximize the fertilizer value and minimize water quality degradation requires knowledge of the interactive effects of mineralization of organic N (ON) to NH4+, crop uptake of mineral N, and leaching of NO3− on a temporal basis. The purpose of the research was to use the ENVIRO-GRO model to simulate how the amount of applied N, timing of N application, ON mineralization rates, chemical form of N applied, and irrigation uniformity affected (1) yields of corn (Zea mays) in summer and a forage grass in winter in a Mediterranean climate and (2) the amount of NO3− leached below the root zone. This management practice is typical for dairies in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The simulations were conducted for a 10-year period. Steady state conditions, whereby an equivalent amount of N applied in the organic form will be mineralized in a given year, are achieved more rapidly for materials with high mineralization rates. Both timing and total quantity of N application are important in affecting crop yield and potential N leaching. Major conclusions from the simulations are as follows. Frequent low applications are preferred to less frequent higher applications. Increasing the amount of N application increased both the crop yield and the amount of NO3− leached. Increasing irrigation uniformity increased crop yields but had variable effects on the amount of NO3− leached. A winter forage crop following a summer corn crop effectively reduced the leaching of residual soil N following the corn crop. 相似文献
40.
Torvanger Asbjørn Rypdal Kristin Kallbekken Steffen 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2005,10(4):693-715
Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage is increasingly being considered as an important climate change mitigation option. This paper explores
provisions for including geological CO2 storage in climate policy. The storage capacity of Norway's Continental Shelf is alone sufficient to store a large share
of European CO2 emissions for many decades. If CO2 is injected into oil reservoirs there is an additional benefit in terms of enhanced oil recovery. However, there are significant
technical and economic challenges, including the large investment in infrastructure required, with related economies of scale
properties. Thus CO2 capture, transportation and storage projects are likely to be more economically attractive if developed on a large scale,
which could mean involving two or more nations. An additional challenge is the risk of future leakages from storage sites,
where the government must take on a major responsibility. In institutional and policy terms, important challenges are the
unsettled status of geological CO2 storage as a policy measure in the Kyoto Protocol, lack of relevant reporting and verification procedures, and lack of decisions
on how the option should be linked to the flexibility mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol. In terms of competitiveness with
expected prices for CO2 permits under Kyoto Protocol trading, the relatively high costs per tonne of CO2 stored means that geological CO2 storage is primarily of interest where enhanced oil recovery is possible. These shortcomings and uncertainties mean that
companies and governments today only have weak incentives to venture into geological CO2 storage. 相似文献