电磁辐射场对工业微生物生长的影响

为研究电磁辐射场对微生物细胞的“非热效应”,选用几株工业微生物（产L－精氨酸钝齿棒状杆菌A6,产L－赖氨酸钝齿棒状杆菌LB6和产胞内SOD酶酵母菌S1）进行了初步探讨,试验结果表明,置于2μm-1mm频段电磁场接受辐射处理后的试验样本细胞对热的承受能力提高,表现为在较高温度下细胞生长速度的增加,处于对数生长期的细胞对辐射刺激有更明显的敏感反应,较低pH可以一定程度地强化辐射处理的效果,试验结果还进一步证明了以上效应产生于电磁辐射场的“非热效应”,而不是简单的热效应或微生物的自发突变。     

Potential for microbially mediated redox transformations and mobilization of arsenic in uncontaminated soils

Surface soil samples, which had no significant As contamination, were examined for As(V) reduction, As(III) oxidation and As mobilization capability. All five soil samples tested exhibited microbial As(V)-reducing activities both in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions when As(V) reduction had almost ceased, oxidation of As(III) to As(V) occurred, whereas only As(V) reduction was observed under anaerobic conditions. In cultures incubated with As(III), As(III) was oxidized by indigenous soil microbes only under aerobic conditions. These results indicate that microbial redox transformations of As are ubiquitous in the natural environment regardless of background As levels. Mobilization through microbially mediated As(V) and Fe(III) reduction occurred both in the presence and absence of oxygen. Significant variation in dissolved As occurred depending on the Fe contents of soils, and re-immobilization of As arose in the presence of oxygen, presumably as a consequence of dissolved As(III) and Fe(II) oxidation. There was no apparent correlation between dissolved Fe(II) and As, suggesting that reductive dissolution of Fe(III) minerals does not necessarily determine the extent of As release from soils.     

接种外源微生物菌剂对香蕉茎秆堆肥的影响

为了研究接种外源微生物菌剂对香蕉茎秆堆肥的影响,本实验采用高温好氧堆肥技术,设计了对照（不接菌）、接种白腐菌及棱盖多孔菌3个处理,探讨了不同处理堆肥过程中堆体温度、水分、pH值、电导率、有机碳、C/N、发芽指数及堆肥质量的变化情况。结果表明,接种微生物菌剂处理的温度均高于对照,且高温期持续时间相对较长,以接种白腐菌处理的高温持续时间最长;接种外源微生物菌剂对堆肥含水率、pH、EC、全碳、C/N变化影响不大;与对照相比,接种白腐菌可增加全氮及全钾的含量,有利于提高堆肥产品质量;接种白腐菌处理在36 d（GI〉50%）就达到腐熟,比对照提前8 d腐熟,明显缩短堆肥腐熟时间;而接种棱盖多孔菌处理比对照推迟10 d腐熟,共需54 d不利于香蕉茎秆堆肥的进行。     

Effects of cultivation conditions on the diversity of microbes involved in the conversion of rice straw to fodder

To confirm the optimum cultivation conditions for analyzing lactic acid bacterial communities and to provide the cultivation foundation for lactic acid bacterial communities that were used to convert straw into fodder, fermented rice straw was inoculated into 13 different broths. After 48 h of cultivation, pH values, volatile products, and microbial diversity were analyzed. Except for LAB broth, the pH values of the other broths could decrease to approximately 4.5. GC/MS analysis showed that lactic acid in Tomato MRS broth, MRS broth, LAB broth, and Tomato juice broth was higher than that in the other broths. DNA concentration analysis showed that the counts of microbes in Tomato MRS broth were 2.5 times of those in other broths and that tomato juice favored the reproduction of the microbes. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） analysis showed that the number of lactic acid bacterial species in HYA broth, Tomato juice broth, and Tomato MRS broth were higher than those in the other broths.     

Compost: Its role,mechanism and impact on reducing soil-borne plant diseases

Soil-borne plant pathogens are responsible for causing many crop plant diseases, resulting in significant economic losses. Compost application to agricultural fields is an excellent natural approach, which can be taken to fight against plant pathogens. The application of organic waste products is also an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical use, which unfortunately is the most common approach in agriculture today. This review analyses pioneering and recent compost research, and also the mechanisms and mode of action of compost microbial communities for reducing the activity of plant pathogens in agricultural crops. In addition, an approach for improving the quality of composts through the microbial communities already present in the compost is presented. Future agricultural practices will almost definitely require integrated research strategies to help combat plant diseases.     

缙云山森林植被类型对土壤产N2O相关功能微生物的影响

为明确亚热带不同森林植被对土壤涉氮功能基因(amoA、nirS、nosZ)微生物群落和功能的影响,以缙云山5种森林植被类型(针叶林、阔叶林、针-阔混交林、竹林以及荒草地)土壤为研究对象,采用末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis,T-RFLP)和荧光定量PCR(qPCR)等分子技术,结合与氮素循环相关的微生物酶活,研究不同森林植被土壤涉氮微生物丰度、群落结构及其功能的差异.结果表明:①缙云山国家自然保护区土壤反硝化酶活显著高于硝化势,且针叶林土壤2种酶活均显著低于其他植被类型(P0.05).此外,可溶性有机碳、土壤含水量和总氮是影响酶活的主要环境因子.②qPCR结果显示,竹林土壤涉氮功能微生物的丰度最高,而针叶林土壤最低. 3个涉氮功能微生物的丰度均与可溶性有机碳、总氮、有效氮、总钾以及有效钾显著相关(P0.01).③基于T-RFLP数据,阔叶林土壤涉氮微生物α-多样性指数最高,而竹林最低.主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis,PCoA)显示:在不同植被间,氨氧化古菌群落结构表现出显著差异,针叶林土壤涉氮功能微生物群落结构最独特.此外,基于距离的冗余分析(distance-based redundancy analysis,db-RDA)表明:涉氮功能微生物群落结构主要受可溶性有机碳(P0.001)、有效氮(P0.002)和土壤含水量(P0.001)调控.④土壤反硝化酶活主要受nirS反硝化菌与氨氧化古菌的丰度和涉氮功能微生物的群落结构的影响;而硝化势主要受氨氧化古菌的丰度影响.由上可知,亚热带森林植被显著影响土壤涉氮功能微生物的丰度和群落结构,进而改变其调控土壤的氮素循环的功能.可为我国亚热带森林土壤微生物与N_2O释放的耦合机制提供基础数据.     

长期施肥对稻田土壤微生物量、群落结构和活性的影响

以湖南省宁乡县长期定位施肥试验为平台,选取不施肥(CK)、全量化肥(NPK)、秸秆还田+化肥(ST)和有机肥+化肥(OM)这4种处理,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)技术和MicroRespTM方法,研究了长期施肥对水稻土微生物量、群落结构及活性的影响.结果表明,细菌、真菌、革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌PLFA含量均表现为OMSTNPKCK;PLFA主成分分析表明,相比CK处理,NPK、ST和OM处理中微生物的群落结构均发生了改变,特别是ST和OM处理变化更为显著.MicroRespTM结果表明,相比CK处理(1.28μg·h~(-1)),OM处理的土壤微生物对碳源平均利用率最高(1.81μg·h~(-1)),ST处理(1.19μg·h~(-1))次之,NPK处理(0.95μg·h~(-1))最低.不同施肥处理土壤微生物对不同碳源利用的偏好情况存在明显差异.当碳源底物为酮戊二酸、半乳糖和赖氨酸时,不同施肥处理土壤微生物对不同碳源利用差异十分明显.因此,长期化肥配合秸秆还田或配施有机肥显著改善土壤养分含量和土壤微生物量、微生物群落结构和活性,对于培肥地力和优化土壤微生物群落极为重要.     

土壤自养微生物同化碳向土壤有机碳库输入的定量研究：14C连续标记法

自养微生物在土壤中广泛存在,但其CO2同化能力及其向土壤碳库的输入机制尚不明确.应用14C连续标记示踪技术,选取亚热带区4种典型稻田土壤在密闭系统模拟培养,探讨了土壤自养微生物同化碳向土壤碳库的输入过程和机制及其对土壤碳库活性组分的影响.结果表明,土壤微生物具有客观的CO2同化能力.标记培养110 d后,供试土壤的14C-SOC含量范围为69.06～133.81 mg.kg-1,而14C-DOC、14C-MBC含量范围为2.54～8.10 mg.kg-1、19.50～49.16 mg.kg-1.土壤自养微生物同化碳(14C-SOC)与其微生物截留碳(14C-MBC)呈极显著的正相关关系.土壤可溶解性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)和SOC的更新率分别为5.65%～24.91%、4.23%～20.02%和0.58%～0.92%.而且,土壤自养微生物同化碳的输入对土壤活性碳组分的DOC、MBC含量变化影响较大,而对SOC影响较小.对微生物在土壤碳循环过程的基本功能的认识在本研究中得以丰富和加深.     

重金属污染对不同生境中微生物群落结构的影响

重金属污染严重危害了生态系统中微生物群落的多样性和组成结构,然而目前关于重金属污染对“地表水-沉积物-地下水”这3种生境中微生物群落结构的影响差异知之甚少.以唐河污水库地表水、沉积物和地下水为研究对象,基于16S rRNA高通量测序技术分析对比不同生境下微生物群落多样性和组成差异,揭示了3种栖息地中微生物群落结构的主要驱动因素.结果表明,不同生境中微生物群落的多样性具有显著差异,地下水微生物α多样性显著高于沉积物微生物和地表水微生物;不同生境中的微生物物种组成也具有显著差异,地表水中Pedobacter、Hydrogenophaga、Flavobacterium和Algoriphagus丰度较高,沉积物中Ornatilinea、Longilinea、Thermomarinilinea和Bellilinea等重金属耐受菌占据主要优势,而Arthrobacter、Gallionella和Thiothrix是地下水中的标志性物种;理化因素和重金属变量共同驱动了3种生境中微生物的群落结构变化,pH、 NO^-₃-N和Li是影响地表水微生物群落结构的主要...     

一种厌氧同时脱氮除磷的新现象

通过多次尝试和重现性验证,首次证明了以葡萄糖为碳源的EBPR(A/O工艺)中的厌氧池可以实现"同时脱氮除磷"的功能,对磷和氨氮的去除效率甚至可以达到35%和40%左右.本文通过应用宏基因组学技术较好地解决了A/O反应器中厌氧同时脱氮除磷优势微生物的鉴定难题.针对这种厌氧同时脱氮除磷的生物现象,论文展开了有关微生物的培养、鉴定等方面的研究和讨论.对于这种新型的"厌氧同时脱氮除磷"现象及其优势微生物的鉴定,国内外还未见公开报道.