Optimization of the recovery of plastics for recycling by density media separation cyclones

Material recovery processes are presented as the optimum option for recycling plastic wastes as a means of recovering hydrocarbon resources. There exist a large variety of automated material recovery processes for recycling of such wastes but each with significant limitations. Of these, the separation based on differences in densities is advocated as the optimum process either for producing recycled products or preparing wastes for subsequent recovery processing.Density separation processes based on cyclone type density media separation (DMS) is presented as an important, potential method for increasing plastics recycling process capacities. It is demonstrated to have the capacity to separate a significantly larger range of particle sizes than those presently processed industrially. The mathematical relationship for the prediction of quality of typical LARCODEMS type density media separations by particle size and density as expressed by the Ecart Probable is presented.A proposed device configuration is presented for density media separation to optimize the recovery and purity of both density fractions produced. It is also suggested that to be economically viable, a large scale of operation is required for industrial plastics recycling operations recovering and producing a number of different plastics with a purity to be used as a substitute for virgin material.     

关于控制四川省大气污染物排放的建议

本文介绍了2007年四川省废气污染物的排放情况,并提出了进一步控制大气污染物排放的建议。     

“十一五”期间辽河铁岭段及支流水质变化趋势

用Daniel的Spearman秩相关系数法对辽河铁岭段及支流在"十一五"期间水质进行趋势检验,确定各监测断面超标污染物及综合污染指数上升或下降趋势的显著性,结合铁岭市"十一五"期间的污染治理措施,分析各项污染物产生变化的原因,提出了今后的工作方向,为进一步加强环境管理提供了依据。     

Advances in the treatment of multi-pollutant flue gas in China's building materials industry

In most of the world's building material industries, the control of flue gas pollutants mainly focuses on a single pollutant. However, given the large capacity and high contribution of China's building materials industry to global air pollution, the need to develop multi-pollutant emission reduction technology is urgent. Recently, China has focused on reducing the emissions of flue gas pollutants in the building materials industry, established many key research and development projects, and gradually implemented more stringent pollutant emission limits. This project focuses on the most recent advances in flue gas emission control technology in China's building materials industry, including denitration, dust removal, desulfurization, synergistic multi-pollutant emission reduction, and the construction of pilot research and demonstration projects for pollutant removal in several building material industries. On this basis, revised pollutant limits in flue gas emitted in China's building material industry are proposed.     

加速能源转型与产业结构调整的环境健康协同效益评估：以京津冀鲁地区为例

京津冀鲁地区是我国温室气体减排与大气污染治理的重心,随着末端控制措施减排空间的缩紧,通过能源转型和产业结构优化等源头治理方式实现减污降碳协同增效的需求日益迫切.基于开发的REACH综合评估模型,通过情景模拟分析,评估了京津冀鲁地区进一步加强末端控制的减排潜力,以及加速能源转型与产业结构调整的环境和健康协同效益.结果表明,未来在京津冀鲁地区快速推行最佳可行的末端控制技术,2035年能够带来约3.3μg·m^-3的PM_2.5浓度削减,但仅依靠此措施不足以实现区域PM_2.5浓度控制目标;加速能源转型和产业结构调整是京津冀鲁地区实现空气质量达标的必要条件,2035年,能源经济系统的加快转型对大气PM_2.5污染改善的贡献可达6.3μg·m^-3;相比于当前的政策力度,4省市虽然需要额外付出相当于地区GDP 0.9%～2.5%的社会经济成本以实现PM_2.5浓度控制目标,但加速转型带来的环境健康协同效益能够部分或全部覆盖该成本.     

夏秋季宁波市气态元素汞(GEM)污染特征及潜在源区贡献分析

气态元素汞(gaseous elemental mercury,GEM)是普遍存在于大气中的对生物体有害的重金属元素其化学性质稳定,在大气中停留时间长,可随气团长距离输送属于全球性污染物.本研究于2017年夏秋季对宁波市大气GEM、常规污染物和气象参数进行综合观测,研究沿海地区GEM受人为源和自然源共同作用下的迁移转化规律及潜在源贡献来源.结果表明:①观测期间大气GEM的平均质量浓度为(2.32±0.90) ng·m~(-3),变化范围为0.97～10.95 ng·m~(-3),且夏季低于秋季.②GEM、O_3和GOM在夏季、秋季、晴天和阴雨天的日内浓度变化表明,高浓度的O_3和强烈的光照可加速GEM发生光化学反应,GEM在晴天的光化学氧化强度高于阴雨天.③相关性分析表明,GEM与PM_(2.5)(R=0.65,P0.01)、PM_(10)(R=0.47,P0.01)、NO_2(R=0.46,P0.01)和CO(R=0.57,P0.01)呈显著正相关关系,其来源与化石燃料等物质燃烧有关.④O_3等光化学氧化剂的浓度、GEM在颗粒物上的气粒分配及PM_(2.5)、水汽和NO_2的消光效应,可对GEM光化学氧化速率产生重要影响.⑤潜在源贡献分析(potential source contribution function analysis,PSCF)结果表明夏季浙江省北部(包含宁波市)、西北部,安徽省南部和江西省大部分地区构成一个三角形区域是NBUEORS大气GEM的潜在源贡献区域,且本地源、区域源和长距离源输送对GEM污染均具有重要影响.秋季的潜在源贡献区域主要为浙江省北部区域,范围小于夏季.GEM主要来自本地源和区域源输送影响.因此,针对大气GEM污染的控制,需要跨省的区域联防联控,综合治理,方可有效减轻大气汞的污染.     

生物膜生态浮床对城市尾水净化特征分析

为探究生物膜对城市尾水的净化特征,通过采用联合生物膜生态浮床技术,考察生物膜长度、水力停留时间(HRT)及生物膜覆盖面积对含氮尾水的净化特征.结果表明,生物膜为1/2水深长度时,NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和TN的去除率分别可达到90. 82%、62. 7%和81. 96%,氮去除率较高,而生物膜长度为整个河道水深时,NH_4~+-N的去除率最高只有22. 07%,NO_3~--N和TN的浓度变化不明显.在HRT为6 d时,NH_4~+-N和TN的去除率最高分别可达到82. 01%和62. 88%,最低分别为55. 24%和46. 82%;当HRT为12 d时,NH_4~+-N和TN的去除率最高分别可达81. 4%和79. 93%,但最低分别达到了8. 73%和17. 23%,对比发现,HRT为6 d时氮的去除效率较高且稳定.在生物膜覆盖面积为10%时,一个运行周期内NH_4~+-N去除率呈下降趋势,而覆盖面积为20%时,去除率呈上升趋势; TN在10%和20%的膜覆盖面积条件下去除率分别为62. 88%和71. 09%.     

浏阳河长沙段CODMn、NH3-N和TP综合降解系数研究

采用现场水团追踪法,研究了浏阳河长沙段COD_Mn、NH₃-N和TP的综合降解系数与河段水流流速之间的相关关系,并通过河段历史水文和水质监测数据对所建立的相关方程进行了验证.结果表明,浏阳河长沙段COD_Mn、NH₃-N和TP的综合降解系数与流速之间呈明显的线性相关关系,相关方程形式分别为K（COD_Mn）=0.037+0.635v、K（NH₃-N）=0.059+0.315v和K（TP）=0.004+0.140v.所建立的线性相关方程对研究河段COD_Mn、NH₃-N和TP浓度预测结果的决定系数均大于0.90、相对均方根误差均小于0.10.受风浪作用、紊动水流和弯道环流的影响,当流速小于0.35m/s时,顺直河段的污染物综合降解系数均大于弯曲河段的污染物综合降解系数;当流速大于0.46m/s时,弯曲河段污染物综合降解系数均大于顺直河段的污染物综合降解系数.研究成果对浏阳河长沙段水质管理与水环境保护具有重要的参考价值.     

Spatiotemporal variations of ambient air pollutants and meteorological influences over typical urban agglomerations in China during the COVID-19 lockdown

To investigate the air quality change during the COVID-19 pandemic, we analyzed spatiotemporal variations of six criteria pollutants in nine typical urban agglomerations in China using ground-based data and examined meteorological influences through correlation analysis and backward trajectory analysis under different responses. Concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂ and CO in urban agglomerations respectively decreased by 18%–45% (30%–62%), 17%–53% (22%–39%), 47%-64% (14%–41%), 9%–34% (0%–53%) and 16%-52% (23%–56%) during Lockdown (Post-lockdown) period relative to Pre-lockdown period. PM_2.5 pollution events occurred during Lockdown in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebe (BTH) and Middle and South Liaoning (MSL), and daily O₃ concentration rose to grade Ⅱ standard in Post-lockdown period. Distinct from the nationwide slump of NO₂ during Lockdown period, a rebound (～40%) in Post-lockdown period was observed in Cheng-Yu (CY), Yangtze River Middle-Reach (YRMR), Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD). With slightly higher wind speed compared with 2019, the reduction of PM_2.5 (51%–62%) in Post-lockdown period is more than 2019 (15%–46%) in HC (Harbin-Changchun), MSL, BTH, CP (Central Plain) and SP (Shandong-Peninsula), suggesting lockdown measures are effective to PM_2.5 alleviation. Although O₃ concentrations generally increased during the lockdown, its increment rate declined compared with 2019 under similar sunlight duration and temperature. Additionally, unlike HC, MSL and BTH, which suffered from additional (> 30%) air masses from surrounding areas after the lockdown, the polluted air masses reaching YRD and PRD mostly originated from the long-distance transport, highlighting the importance of joint regional governance.     

沧州市大气污染特征观测研究

利用沧州2009年7月～2011年7月的NOx(NOx=NO+NO2)、O3、SO2以及PM10的观测数据,分析了沧州市大气污染物的日变化、月平均变化、年变化以及季节平均变化特征.结果表明,NOx、PM10日变化为双峰型,O3为单峰.SO2日变化也呈现为双峰型,但是其变化幅度较平缓.NO、NO2、NOx、SO2有较相同的季节变化趋势.NO、NO2、NOx、SO2及PM10冬季值最大,分别为(30.0±18.9)μg·m-3、(50.5±19.8)μg·m-3、(80.5±38.7)μg·m-3、(62.1±34.7)μg·m-3、(201.6±98.5)μg·m-3.臭氧夏季浓度最高,其月均值为(88.0±22.3)μg·m-3.NO、NO2、NOx、O3、SO2及PM10年均值分别为(18.9±14.5)μg·m-3、(37.6±13.0)μg·m-3、(56.5±27.5)μg·m-3、(49.9±16.3)μg·m-3、(31.6±19.5)μg·m-3、(156.7±79.1)μg·m-3.秋冬季污染物主要为NOx(NOx=NO+NO2)、SO2以及PM10,夏季污染物主要为O3.