工业废水对洹河有机污染的调查与分析

采用适当的样品前处理技术,利用GC/MS对洹河水及焦化厂、染料厂废水进行有机污染物的分析,确定了工业废水对洹河造成有机污染的主要化合物,从而为企业污水的处理和洹河治理提供依据.     

Determination of metallic cobalt in the atmosphere

Due to the fact that, among the different chemical species, metallic cobalt is characterized by the highest toxicity, in this paper is proposed a procedure for its determination in the atmospheric paniculate. The air is filtered on a cellulose or glass fiber membrane, to collect the paniculate containing among the other species, metallic cobalt: the determination is based on a selective dissolution of the metallic cobalt possibly present followed by its determination by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The typical interferences that can be present in the matrix are discussed and suggestions for their minimisation are proposed. By the following procedure is also possible to determine separately the sum of the insoluble and water soluble cobalt compounds.     

长江流域污染负荷核算及来源分析

为研究长江流域污染物输出的时空变化特征和来源,将长江流域划分为114个排污单元,195个纳污河段,应用污染物“产生-排放-入河-消减-输出”模型,结合长江流域2004—2007年的社会经济、水文监测资料,利用朱坨、寸滩、宜昌、大通4个监测断面2004—2007年逐月的水量和水质数据,通过连续演算核算长江流域各河段的污染物输出过程,进行区间污染物输出平衡分析,估算出姚港断面污染物输出过程. 结果表明,各断面计算数据与实测数据相对误差不超过20%,模型及参数组合的可靠性较好. 点源对COD_Mn输出贡献较大,占56.4%;非点源对TN、TP的贡献大,分别占74.3%和92.1%. 从污染物输出分布来看,江西、四川、湖南、湖北四省占流域污染物输出总量的60%以上,贡献率较大,是流域污染物输出的重要区域.      

石煤提钒工艺中烟气污染物排放控制研究

介绍了传统钠法焙烧石煤提钒生产工艺的原理及烟气污染物产生和治理现状,提出了一种新型的焙烧工艺及烟气污染防治技术,阐述了工艺原理,并与传统工艺和方法进行了比较分析。基于中试试验报告及监测数据,研究分析了烟气污染物防治措施的技术可行性,针对烟气排放中存在的问题及原因进行了探讨,并提出了改进措施及建议,旨在为石煤提钒企业在烟气污染物治理控制方面提供参考。     

Evaluation of the use of bioaccumulation and biological effects tools in caged mussels,within the European Water Framework Directive

Bioaccumulation and biological effects of pollution were assessed in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) caged for one month at three sites in the Oiartzun estuary (south-eastern Bay of Biscay, Spain) with the aim of evaluating their usefulness within the investigative monitoring defined in the European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD). The highest concentrations of organic contaminants determined in mussels' tissue were detected towards the inner part of the estuary but no gradient pattern was found for metal bioaccumulation. Population fitness responses measured as condition index, stress on stress and gonad index were similar in all caged mussels and did not follow the organic pollution gradient. However, biomarkers determined at tissue, cell and protein level (histopathology, micronuclei frequency, malondialdehyde levels and vitellogenin-like protein levels) revealed a higher stress syndrome at the inner part of the estuary showing signs of genotoxicity, oxidative stress and endocrine disruption. Overall, the integrated chemical–biological approach in connection with mussel caging technique proved to be a useful tool to assess environmental pollution, allowing a better understanding of the cause–effect relationship within the investigative monitoring defined in the WFD.     

秦皇岛主要入海河流污染及其对近岸海域影响研究

利用饮马河、洋河、汤河和戴河的水文和水质监测资料,分析了各河流的污染状况、营养状态、污染物入海通量及其对海域水质的影响。结果表明：秦皇岛市入海河流中饮马河和洋河污染较重;通过污染分担率分析,秦皇岛入海河流的首要污染物为DIN、COD,其次为PO43--P;采用综合营养状态指数法评价,汤河处于轻度富营养状态,戴河处于中度富营养状态,而洋河和饮马河都已达到重度富营养化状态,可见秦皇岛入海河流的富营养化现象非常严重;秦皇岛主要河流污染物入海通量近年来基本呈减小趋势,饮马河和洋河年均入海污染物量占到秦皇岛市陆源入海污染物总量的94.91%;通过相关分析表明,秦皇岛近岸海域的水质主要受入海河流影响,尤其是CODMn、DIN、PO43--P在河、海间存在线性关系,具有强相关性。因此应加强对入河污染物的管理,重点应放在生活污水、农业面源污染的治理上,从而改善近岸海域的水质状况。     

An approach to calculating allowable watershed pollutant loads

To improve the management of discharge pollutants loads in the reservoirs’ watershed, an approach of the allowable pollutants loads calculation and its allocation, based on the water environment model, was proposed. Establishment of the approach framework was described at first. Under the guidance of this framework, two major steps were as follows: modeling and scenario analysis were involved and should be applied to support the decision of discharge loads management; Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code (EFDC) model was selected as the kernel model in this framework. In modeling step, spatial discretization for establishing cell map in model, data preprocessing, parameter calibration and uncertainty analysis (which is considered as the significantly relevant factor of the margin of safety (MOS)), were conducted. As a result of the research, the model-based approach presented as a combination of estimation and precise calculation, which contributed to scenario analysis step. Some integrated modules, such as scenario simulation, result analysis and plan optimization were implemented as cycles in the scenario analysis. Finally, allowable pollutant loads under various conditions were calculated. The Chaihe Reservoir in Liaoning Province, China was used as a case study for an application of the approach described above. Results of the Chaihe reservoir water quality simulation, show good agreement with field data and demonstrated that the approach used in the present study provide an efficient and appropriate methodology for pollutant load allocation.     

微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用研究进展

微塑料(粒径小于5 mm的塑料)作为海洋中一种新型的污染物正受到越来越多的关注。微塑料在全球多个海域均有检出,根据其来源分为原生微塑料和次生微塑料。原生微塑料由人工直接制造所得,常见于日常生活用品中;次生微塑料由大块塑料制品长期风化、磨损和光解形成。塑料自身含有多种有机添加剂,不断向环境中释放,污染海洋环境;微塑料表面还可吸附有机污染物,此吸附作用受两者的物理化学性质和环境条件影响,吸附污染物后的微塑料生物毒性增强。另外,聚合物复合光催化材料可加快有机污染物如染料的光降解反应速率,因而微塑料可能会促进有机污染物的光解。针对目前微塑料对有机物光降解的贡献、机理鲜见研究的问题,未来应加强以下3方面的研究:(1)微塑料对不同有机污染物光降解是否存在影响?(2)微塑料类型、尺寸以及反应条件对有机污染物光降解如何影响?(3)微塑料对有机污染物光降解影响的内在机制是什么?     

基于监测及Kriging方法的京津冀地区大气污染物暴露分布研究

为了实现充分利用已有环境监测站点数据进行人群精细化暴露评估的目的,同时解决某些待测人群社区周边无监测站点时数据的选择问题,以保定市作为大气高污染研究城市,基于现场监测和Kriging（克里金插值）空间分析方法,明确了在研究大气污染物人群暴露时,某一个固定监测站污染物数据的代表性问题.研究表明:对于大气中φ（SO₂）、φ（NO₂）、颗粒物及其组分,空气质量监测点位的代表性一般为5~6 km;对于φ（CO）、φ（O₃）和φ（VOCs）,它们在城市不同地区的空间分布更为均匀,空气质量监测点位的代表性范围更大.通过使用Radial Basis Functions（径向基函数,RBF）、Local Polynomial Interpolation（局部多项式插值,LPI）、Inverse Distance Weighting（反距离权重插值,IDW）、Kriging、Kernel Smoothing（内核平滑插值,KS）和Diffusion Kernel（内核扩散插值,DK）等6种空间分析方法对大气污染物浓度进行预测发现,Kriging方法对大气污染物浓度预测时可使预测值和实测值间的偏差小于10%,准确度最高.因此,在进行某城市某点位的污染物人群暴露浓度预测时,若该点位周边5 km以内有空气质量监测点位,则可用该点位的监测值代替;若5 km以内没有空气质量监测点位,则可基于最近监测点位的污染物浓度进行Kriging空间插值,从而获得该点位的污染物暴露水平.      

基于入户调查的贵阳市生活燃煤排放清单

为准确掌握贵阳市生活燃煤大气污染物的排放状况,为南方山地城市大气污染防治工作提供科学依据,本研究于2017年对贵阳市生活燃煤情况开展了入户调查.据统计分析,2016—2018年贵阳市常住人口和生活煤炭消费量变化小.同时,采用排放系数法结合GIS技术,建立了贵阳市2016年1 km×1 km生活燃煤大气污染物排放清单.结果表明：①全市生活燃煤量约为55.9×10⁴ t,单位面积燃煤量为69.5 t·km^-2,不同区（市、县）生活燃煤量存在明显差异;从燃煤总量来看,开阳县最大,云岩区最小;从单位面积燃煤量来看,云岩区最大,息烽县最小.②全市生活燃煤PM₁₀、PM_2.5、SO₂、NO_x、VOCs、CO、OC、BC排放量分别为1230.5、783.0、6963.5、615.3、1006.8、39096.4、55.9、3.9 t,单位面积排放量分别为153.0、97.4、865.7、76.5、125.2、4860.7、7.0、0.5 kg·km^-2.③生活燃煤污染物排放量呈明显的季节性变化特征,冬季采暖季污染物的排放量远高于非采暖季.④在空间分布上,大气污染物排放主要集中在云岩区、南明区、白云区中南部,以及观山湖区东南部、乌当区西南部及花溪区东北部,这与居民生活区域基本呈一致性分布.⑤调查样本量覆盖了总家庭户数的1.5%,全市以煤炭为生活能源的住户占比约为38.1%,户均燃煤量为（1.158±0.010）t·a^-1,排放清单不确定性总体范围为-82.6%~201.0%.