陆浑水库饮用水源地水体中金属元素分布特征及健康风险评价

在2016年对陆浑水库饮用水源地46个水样中12种金属元素(包括重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Hg、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Zn和轻金属Al)进行测定,探讨了水体中金属元素的分布特征,并借助健康风险评价模型评价了水体中金属人体健康风险.结果表明,陆浑水库饮用水源地水体中Al最大浓度(200.27μg·L~(-1))和Mo所有浓度(151.42~170.69μg·L~(-1))均超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)规定的标准限值,超标率依次为4.35%和100%.陆浑水库饮用水源地水体中金属浓度分布具有较明显的空间差异性,高值区域集中在库区西南部(上游)、东北部(下游).健康风险评价结果表明,儿童暴露剂量明显高于成人暴露剂量,金属元素经饮用水途径引起的健康风险均高于皮肤接触途径.金属致癌风险中,Cr和As致癌风险超过最大可接受风险水平(5.0×10~(-5)a~(-1)),超标率分别为100%和3.80%,Cr对总致癌风险的贡献率平均达到85%;非致癌性金属元素健康风险(10~(-12)~10~(-7)a~(-1))呈现出AlMoCuPbNiHgFeZnMn,比最大可接受风险水平低2~7个数量级.     

Historical trends in the anthropogenic heavy metal levels in the tidal flat sediments of Lianyungang, China

The sedimentation of metals can preserve the historical record of contaminant input from local and regional sources and provide information on the historical changes in regional water and sediment quality. We report the ²¹⁰Pb activities and the heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) depth profiles from sediment cores retrieved in 2010. The mean sedimentation rates of 0.85-1.5 cm/yr are determined by ²¹⁰Pb dating. The sediments in the tidal flat have recorded heavy metal deposition and thus allow the establishment of a connection between the temporal evolution of the heavy metal pollution and the historical changes in the economic development of Lianyungang. The enrichment factors (EF) are calculated to estimate the level of contamination stored in these sediments. The results show that in the studied sites, Cr and Cu display low EF values and are mainly from lithogenic origin. For the other studied trace metals, a great variability in the sedimentary record is observed. Significant anthropogenic enrichment over the last 50 years is revealed at the tidal flat that receives fluvial inputs. Zinc is the element with the highest EF values, followed by the order of Pb > Cd > Mn > Cu and Cr. The temporal variations of the heavy metals peak during the late 1980s to the early 2000s and show a decreasing trend afterward. The pollution intensity of the tidal flat is determined by using EF and the geo-accumulation index (I_geo), which show that, based on the I_geo scale, the tidal flat of Haizhou Bay is unpolluted to moderately polluted.     

Health risks associated with heavy metals in the drinking water of Swat, northern Pakistan

The concentrations of heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were investigated in drinking water sources （surface and groundwater） collected from Swat valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The potential health risks of heavy metals to the local population and their possible source apportionment were also studied. Heavy metal concentrations were analysed using atomic absorption spectrometer and compared with permissible limits set by Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb were higher than their respective permissible limits, while Cu, Mn and Zn concentrations were observed within their respective limits. Health risk indicators such as chronic daily intake （CDI） and health risk index （HRI） were calculated for adults and children separately. CDIs and HRIs of heavy metals were found in the order of Cr 〉 Mn 〉 Ni 〉 Zn 〉 Cd 〉 Cu 〉 Pb and Cd 〉 Ni 〉 Mn 〉 Cr 〉 Cu 〉 Pb 〉 Zn, respectively. HRIs of selected heavy metals in the drinking water were less than 1, indicating no health risk to the local people. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses showed that geologic and anthropogenic activities were the possible sources of water contamination with heavy metals in the study area.     

Assessment of heavy metal enrichment and its human impact in lacustrine sediments from four lakes in the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River, China

Sediments from four lakes in the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River, Taibai Lake, Longgan Lake, Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake, were chosen to evaluate their enrichment state and history. The state of heavy metal enrichment was at a low level in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake. The enrichment state of Co, Cr and Ni was also low in the sediment of Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake, while Cu, Pb and Zn enrichment reached a higher level. Mass accumulation fluxes were calculated to quantitatively evaluate the anthropogenic contribution to heavy metals in the sediment. The anthropogenic accumulation fluxes were lower in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake compared with the other two lakes, where heavy metals, especially Cu, Pb and Zn, were mainly from anthropogenic sources. Heavy metal accumulation did not vary greatly in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake, while that in Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake increased since the 1950s and substantially increased since the 1980s, although a decrease occurred since 2000 AD in Xijiu Lake. Heavy metal enrichment was strongly related to human activities in the catchment. The development of urbanization and industrialization was much more rapid in the catchments of Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake than of the other two lakes, and thus large amounts of anthropogenically sourced heavy metals were discharged into the lakes, which resulted in a higher contamination risk. However, human activities in the Longgan Lake and Taibai Lake catchments mainly involved agriculture, which contributed a relatively small portion of heavy metals to the lakes.     

太湖竺山湾沉积物重金属形态分析及风险评价

采用BCR 3步连续提取法研究了太湖竺山湾沉积物中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb在垂直方向上不同形态的分布特征,并利用人类活动系数和重金属形态评价方法对其进行潜在生态风险评价。结果表明,重金属总量大小为:Zn>Pb>Cr>Ni>Cu>Cd,表层沉积物表现出明显的富集效应;重金属总量和可提取态的含量均有从表层至下层逐渐降低的趋势;河流入湖口处5 cm的沉积物重金属总量和可提取态含量显著高于其他区域;AF富集系数评价显示,除Cr外,其余重金属在沉积物中表现出明显出明显的富集效应,特别是Cd和Pb;RSP生态风险评价表明,表层5 cm沉积物生态风险最高,特别是Cd;Cd元素在表层15 cm的沉积物属于重度污染;Zn的表层10 cm属于重度污染;重金属Ni、Cu和Pb在表层5 cm沉积物中基本介于中度污染和重度污染之间,在5～10 cm介于轻度污染和中度污染之间。     

江苏省徐州市区街道灰尘重金属污染分析与评价

对江苏省徐州市区街道灰尘中Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn的含量水平进行了研究.结果表明,市区街道灰尘中Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn的平均含量分别为440.8,2.48,76.2,382.2 mg/kg,是徐州市土壤背景值的27.0,8.6,6.0,4.2倍;与国内其他城市街道灰尘重金属平均含量相比,上述重金属元素平均含量处于中等—偏高水平.采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法进行评价,结果表明,Pb处于重污染水平,Cd和Cu处于中度污染水平,Zn处于偏中度污染水平;市区街道灰尘重金属的潜在生态危害达到了强生态危害水平,在4种重金属中,Pb和Cd对街道灰尘的潜在生态危害贡献较大.通过研究以期为徐州市的城市环境污染防治和城市规划提供重要的科学依据.     

东江流域典型乡镇饮用水源地重金属污染健康风险评价

为阐明东江流域典型乡镇饮用水源地重金属污染物的分布特征与风险水平,对研究区域内9个区县45个水样中的常规水质指标和铁、铜、锰、锌、砷、铬、汞、铅、镉等金属污染物浓度进行了分析检测,并应用美国环境保护署推荐的环境健康风险评价模型,对不同类型的水源地进行了健康风险评价.结果表明,该研究区域的金属致癌风险较高,其中最高的致癌风险来自水库中的铬,成人和儿童分别达到1.14×10-4.a-1和2.14×10-4.a-1,江河、水库和地下水的金属总致癌风险超过了ICRP推荐的可接受风险水平5.0×10-5.a-1;该区域金属非致癌风险较低,均在EPA推荐的可接受范围内.该研究区域金属污染物的优先控制顺序为铬>砷>铅>铁>锌,饮用水源地的风险值排序为水库>江河>地下水>山泉.     

不同污染区巨菌草生物炭内源污染物分布及其生物毒性

由于生物质原料来源广泛,缺乏生物炭内源污染物及其用量限制标准,极有可能将含有高内源污染物的生物炭用于环境修复,产生潜在的环境风险.采用清洁区、中度和重度污染区的巨菌草为原料制备生物炭,考察其内源铜（Cu）和镉（Cd）全量及其酸溶态含量和持久性自由基（PFRs）分布,并研究生物炭浸出液对小麦根伸长抑制率和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明,重度污染区九牛生物炭Cu和中度污染区水泉生物炭中Cd含量分别是清洁区红壤生物炭Cu和Cd的3.73倍和4.43倍,九牛生物炭中酸溶态Cu含量分别是水泉和红壤生物炭的3.32倍和2.84倍,水泉和九牛生物炭中酸溶态Cd含量分别是红壤生物炭的7.95倍和5.11倍.3种生物炭中均含有相邻氧原子以碳为中心的PFRs,表现为：红壤>九牛>水泉.3种生物炭浸出液对小麦根伸长均表现为抑制作用,但均不同程度地提高了小麦幼苗超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,其中九牛生物炭浸出液对小麦根伸长抑制率最高,达到27.7%.本研究表明,生物炭中内源重金属及PFRs等污染物的共同作用对小麦幼苗产生了显著的生物毒性,后期的研究需关注生物炭内源污染物的潜在环境风险,避免产生二次污染等环境问题.     

安徽典型硫铁矿集中开采区土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析

为查明安徽某典型硫铁矿集中开采区周边土壤重金属元素污染特征及污染来源,采集了研究区42个表层土壤样品和2个垂向剖面的16个土壤样品测定其pH值及Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni、Hg和As重金属元素含量,运用ArcGIS反距离权重插值法、内梅罗综合指数法、主成分分析法和绝对因子得分-多元线性回归（APCS-MLR）受体模型等方法进行了重金属元素分布特征分析、污染评价和来源解析.结果表明,土壤中8种重金属元素的含量平均值是铜陵地区背景值的1.03~13.14倍,Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Hg和As这6种重金属元素局部富集明显,在空间分布上与采矿活动位置基本一致.单因子污染指数评价显示,Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb和As这5种元素存在不同程度的污染风险,Cd和Cu元素污染程度最为严重,中度污染以上占比分别为47.62%和42.86%;内梅罗综合污染指数评价显示,研究区土壤样点中度污染以上占比为61.90%;地累积指数评价显示,研究区Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Hg和As这6种重金属元素污染程度主要为轻污染~强污染.在土壤剖面垂向变化上,重金属元素易在土壤表层富集,向深部迁移较缓慢,高含量主要在1 m以上位置.源解析表明,Zn、Pb和As的来源中地质高背景和采矿活动贡献率分别为37.82%、43.49%和46.63%,成土母质风化的自然来源贡献率分别为34.02%、40.88%和38.52%;Cr和Ni来源主要为成土母质风化的自然来源,贡献率分别为91.95%和73.68%;Cu的来源中地质高背景和采矿活动贡献率为41.91%,大气沉降和农业综合源贡献率为41.30%;Hg的来源较多,成土母质风化的自然来源贡献率为35.60%,地质高背景和采矿活动贡献率为29.87%,未知来源贡献率为34.05%;Cd的主要来源为大气沉降和农业综合源,贡献率为81.81%.     

新疆若羌县绿洲带地下水重金属来源解析及健康风险评价

为了解新疆若羌县地下水中重金属元素的污染程度及其来源并评价其对人类健康的危害.对采集的51组地下水样品中7种金属元素（As、Cd、Mn、Cu、Fe、Ni、和Pb）进行分析,运用多元统计分析和综合污染评价法了解7种元素的分布状况和污染特征,结合PMF源解析模型和健康风险评价模型分别揭示了若羌县地下水中金属元素的来源和健康风险.结果表明：(1)研究区地下水金属元素平均含量排序为：Fe>Ni>Mn>Cd>Cu>As>Pb,地下水中除Cu外,其他元素含量均值均高于地下水质量标准（GB/T 14848-2017）Ⅲ类水标准限值.(2)研究区地下水受到As、Cd、Mn、Fe和Ni的不同程度污染,其中Mn和Fe污染较为严重,呈面状分布,无Cu、Pb污染.(3)PMF源解析结果表明,As污染来源于矿物溶解;Cd和Ni污染受地质环境和农业活动的双重影响;Fe、Mn污染主要受自然因素影响;Pb、Cu主要来源为交通活动.(4)健康风险评价结果表明,饮用途径暴露的健康风险高于皮肤入渗途径且成人的健康风险高于儿童.非致癌健康风险（HI）主要由As、Cd和Ni经饮用途径引起.由...