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931.
Geochemical mapping is a technique rooted in mineral exploration but has now found worldwide application in studies of the
urban environment. Such studies, involving multidisciplinary teams including geochemists, have to present their results in
a way that nongeochemists can comprehend. A legislatively driven demand for urban geochemical data in connection with the
need to identify contaminated land and subsequent health risk assessments has given rise to a greater worldwide interest in
the urban geochemical environment. Herein, the aims and objectives of some urban studies are reviewed and commonly used terms
such as baseline and background are defined. Geochemists need to better consider what is meant by the term urban. Whilst the
unique make up of every city precludes a single recommended approach to a geochemical mapping strategy, more should be done
to standardise the sampling and analytical methods. How (from a strategic and presentational point of view) and why we do
geochemical mapping studies is discussed.
相似文献
Christopher C. JohnsonEmail: |
932.
White lupin is an annual crop that has been used for phytostabilization of acidified multicontaminated (heavy metals and As)
soils from the Aznalcóllar spill-affected area, Southern Spain. One of the most important factors for successful phytostabilization
is monitoring the pollutant bioavailability in the soil. The aim of this work was to determine the best-suited method for
assessing the bioavailability of heavy metals together with As in the Aznalcóllar spill-affected area, by means of a systematic
comparison between different extraction methods (Ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA), CaCl2, NaNO3, BCR, (NH4)2SO4 and rhizo). Both AB-DTPA and the first step of the BCR method were found to be unsuitable for assessing the bioavailability of heavy
metals and As to plants growing in acidic soils. However, CaCl2-extractable As, Cu, and Zn and NaNO3-extractable As and Zn were well correlated with their concentrations in plant organs. Rhizo and (NH4)2SO4, with the highest determination coefficients, were the most recommended simple extraction methods to assess the bioavailability
of As, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in acidified multicontaminated soils using white lupin as an excluder model plant. 相似文献
933.
广东电子废物处理处置地区环境介质污染研究进展 总被引:10,自引:2,他引:8
广东省汕头市贵屿镇和清远市龙塘镇和石角镇是我国电子废物处理处置(EWT)典型地区,国内外学者对这些地区EWT活动造成的环境介质污染给予了相当的关注,尤其是近两、三年来开展了比较多的调查和研究.论文对相关调查研究的主要发现进行了系统的综述,内容包括广东EWT活动的主要特征、EWT活动可能释放的主要污染物、EWT活动产生的有机污染(多溴联苯醚、多氯联苯、多环芳烃和二噁英)、重金属污染(Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cd、Cr)以及复合污染特征等,并讨论了未来的研究方向. 相似文献
934.
Lin AJ Zhang XH Wong MH Ye ZH Lou LQ Wang YS Zhu YG 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2007,29(6):473-481
A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus
(AMF) Glomus mosseae on the growth and metal uptake of three leguminous plants (Sesbania rostrata, Sesbania cannabina, Medicago sativa) grown in multi-metal contaminated soil. AMF colonization increased the growth of the legumes, indicating that AMF colonization
increased the plant’s resistance to heavy metals. It also significantly stimulated the formation of root nodules and increased
the N and P uptake of all of the tested leguminous plants, which might be one of the tolerance mechanisms conferred by AMF.
Compared with the control, colonization by G. mosseae decreased the concentration of metals, such as Cu, in the shoots of the three legumes, indicating that the decreased heavy
metals uptake and growth dilution were induced by AMF treatment, thereby reducing the heavy metal toxicity to the plants.
The root/shoot ratios of Cu in the three legumes and Zn in M. sativa were significantly increased (P < 0.05) with AMF colonization, indicating that heavy metals were immobilized by the mycorrhiza and the heavy metal translocations
to the shoot were decreased. 相似文献
935.
Some characteristics of the distribution of heavy metals
in urban topsoil of Xuzhou,China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
An assessment is presented of distribution characteristics of heavy metals in the urban topsoil from the city of Xuzhou. The
concentrations of Ag, Al, As, Au, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Pd, Pt, Sb, Sc, Se, Sn, V and
Zn have been determined from 21 soil samples. Examination of lognormal distribution plots indicates that the diagrams of Al,
Be, Fe, Ga, Li, and V are almost linear suggesting that these metals are almost unaffected by anthropogenic activities while
the plots for As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Pd, Pt, Se, Zn and others are not linear probably due to anthropogenic activities from which
these metals are delivered to the soils. Al is used for mineralogical normalization of these data. An evaluation of background
values for topsoil is also carried out by means of lognormal distribution plots. The results show our background values obtained
from the lognormal distribution plots are comparable to those values of uncontaminated soils of Xuzhou obtained by previous
work except for Cd and Hg. At present, no explanation for the exceptions Cd and Hg can be given. 相似文献
936.
Human health risk assessment of explosives and heavy metals at a military gunnery range 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this research, a risk assessment was undertaken in order to develop the remediation and management strategy of a contaminated
gunnery site, where a nearby flood controlling reservoir is under construction. Six chemicals, including explosives and heavy
metals, posing potential risk to environmental and human health, were targeted in this study. A site-specific conceptual site
model was constructed, based on effective, reasonable exposure pathways, to avoid any overestimation of the risk. Also, conservative
default values were adapted to prevent underestimation of the risk when site-specific values were not available. The risks
posed by the six contaminants were calculated using the API’s Decision Support System for Exposure and Risk Assessment, with
several assumptions. In the crater-formed-area (Ac), the non-carcinogenic risks (i.e., HI values) of tri-nitro-toluene (TNT)
and Cd were slightly larger than 1, but for RDX (Royal Demolition Explosives) was over 50. The total non-carcinogenic risk
of the whole gunnery range was calculated to be 62.5, which was a significantly high value. The carcinogenicity of Cd was
estimated to be about 10−3, while that for Pb was about 5 × 10−4, which greatly exceeded the generally acceptable carcinogenic risk level of 10−4–10−6. It was concluded from the risk assessment that there is an immediate need for remediation of both carcinogens and non-carcinogens
before construction of the reservoir. However, for a more accurate risk assessment, further specific estimations of the changes
in environmental conditions due to the construction of the reservoir will be required; and more over, the effects of the pollutants
to the ecosystem will also need to be evaluated. 相似文献
937.
T. Sekito Y. Dote K. Onoue H. Sakanakura K. Nakamura 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(9):1637-1643
Thermal treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a common practice in waste volume reduction and resource recovery. For the utilization of molten slag for construction materials and metal recovery, it is important to understand the behavior of heavy metals in the melting process. In this study, the correlation between the contents of elements in feed materials and MSW molten slag and their distributions in the ash melting process, including metal residues, are investigated. The hazardous metal contents in the molten slag were significantly related to the contents of metals in the feed materials. Therefore, the separation of products containing these metals in waste materials could be an effective means of producing environmentally safe molten slag with a low hazardous metals content. The distribution ratios of elements in the ash melting process were also determined. The elements Zn and Pb were found to have a distribution ratio of over 60% in fly ash from the melting furnace and the contents of these metals were also high; therefore, Zn and Pb could be potential target metals for recycling from fly ash from the melting furnace. Meanwhile, Cu, Ni, Mo, Sn, and Sb were found to have distribution ratios of over 60% in the metal residue. Therefore, metal residue could be a good resource for these metals, as the contents of Cu, Ni, Mo, Sn, and Sb in metal residue are higher than those in other output materials. 相似文献
938.
Thomas Kupper Diane Bürge Hans Jörg Bachmann Sabine Güsewell Jochen Mayer 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(5):867-874
The production of compost and digestate from source-separated organic residues is well established in Europe. However, these products may be a source of pollutants when applied to soils. In order to assess this issue, composts, solid and liquid digestates from Switzerland were analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) addressing factors which may influence the concentration levels: the treatment process, the composition, origin, particle size and impurity content of input materials, the season of input materials collection or the degree of organic matter degradation.Composts (n = 81) showed mean contents being at 60% or less of the legal threshold values. Solid digestates (n = 20) had 20–50% lower values for Cd, Co, Pb and Zn but similar values for Cr, Cu and Ni. Liquid digestates (n = 5) exhibited mean concentrations which were approximately twice the values measured in compost for most elements. Statistical analyses did not reveal clear relationships between influencing factors and heavy metal contents. This suggests that the contamination was rather driven by factors not addressed in the present study.According to mass balance calculations related to Switzerland, the annual loads to agricultural soils resulting from the application of compost and digestates ranged between 2% (Cd) and 22% (Pb) of total heavy metal loads. At regional scale, composts and digestates are therefore minor sources of pollution compared to manure (Co, Cu, Ni, Zn), mineral fertilizer (Cd, Cr) and aerial deposition (Pb). However, for individual fields, fertilization with compost or digestates results in higher heavy metal loads than application of equivalent nutrient inputs through manure or mineral fertilizer. 相似文献
939.
Konstantinos Kolias John N. Hahladakis Evangelos Gidarakos 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(8):1480-1487
Considering the enormous production of waste personal computers nowadays, it is obvious that the study of their composition is necessary in order to regulate their management and prevent any environmental contamination caused by their inappropriate disposal. This study aimed at determining the toxic metals content of motherboards (printed circuit boards), monitor glass and monitor plastic housing of two Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitors, three Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitors, one LCD touch screen monitor and six motherboards, all of which were discarded. In addition, concentrations of chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) were compared with the respective limits set by the RoHS 2002/95/EC Directive, that was recently renewed by the 2012/19/EU recast, in order to verify manufacturers’ compliance with the regulation. The research included disassembly, pulverization, digestion and chemical analyses of all the aforementioned devices. The toxic metals content of all samples was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results demonstrated that concentrations of Pb in motherboards and funnel glass of devices with release dates before 2006, that is when the RoHS Directive came into force, exceeded the permissible limit. In general, except from Pb, higher metal concentrations were detected in motherboards in comparison with plastic housing and glass samples. Finally, the results of this work were encouraging, since concentrations of metals referred in the RoHS Directive were found in lower levels than the legislative limits. 相似文献
940.
A.P. Galvín F. Agrela J. Ayuso M.G. Beltrán A. Barbudo 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(9):1693-1704
Each year, millions of tonnes of waste are generated worldwide, partially through the construction and demolition of buildings. Recycling the resulting waste could reduce the amount of materials that need to be manufactured. Accordingly, the present work has analysed the potential reuse of construction waste in concrete manufacturing by replacing the natural aggregate with recycled concrete coarse aggregate.However, incorporating alternative materials in concrete manufacturing may increase the pollutant potential of the product, presenting an environmental risk via ground water contamination.The present work has tested two types of concrete batches that were manufactured with different replacement percentages. The experimental procedure analyses not only the effect of the portion of recycled aggregate on the physical properties of concrete but also on the leaching behaviour as indicative of the contamination degree. Thus, parameters such as slump, density, porosity and absorption of hardened concrete, were studied. Leaching behaviour was evaluated based on the availability test performed to three aggregates (raw materials of the concrete batches) and on the diffusion test performed to all concrete.From an environmental point of view, the question of whether the cumulative amount of heavy metals that are released by diffusion reaches the availability threshold was answered. The analysis of concentration levels allowed the establishment of different groups of metals according to the observed behaviour, the analysis of the role of pH and the identification of the main release mechanisms. Finally, through a statistical analysis, physical parameters and diffusion data were interrelated. It allowed estimating the relevance of porosity, density and absorption of hardened concrete on diffusion release of the metals in study. 相似文献