OUTPUT AND INVESTMENT FRONTIERS OF UNITED STATES IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE1

ABSTRACT: Economic models sometimes indicate that irrigation water is misallocated in agriculture, especially when it appears that the marginal value product is higher in other uses (such as for hydro-power). Historically, trends tend to contradict this reasoning, however, especially since irrigation has grown from 20 million acres in 1940 to over 50 million acres in 1980. Results of this study tend to indicate that as agriculture becomes more and more intensive (in terms of inputs), irrigation is part of that long term trend. Further, major economic variables, such as output and investments in agriculture, appear to be more highly correlated with irrigated land than with dryland agriculture. Recent data indicate an upper limit of about 320 million acres for dryland farming in the United States, while no such constraint is apparent for irrigated agriculture.     

THE IMPACTS OF WATERWAY USER FEES ON GRAIN TRANSPORTATION ON THE SNAKE-COLUMBIA RIVER1

ABSTRACT: Grain transportation is a major economic activity on the multiple use Snake-Columbia River System. Congress is currently considering increased transportation user fees aimed at recapturing federal expenditures for waterway operations and maintenance. Three types of fee structure and four levels of cost recovery are evaluated using a network program model. In each case traffic is diverted away from the river to other Puget Sound ports via truck and rail transport modes. Grain shippers in the region will be adversely affected by a higher transport bill. The Lower Columbia River port economic activities will be negatively affected; however, competitive uses of the river, recreation, and hydroelectric generation will likely benefit modestly.     

Effects of aircraft noise and speech on prose memory: What role for working memory capacity?

Previous research indicates that aircraft noise and meaningful background speech are particularly detrimental to school adolescents' ability to remember what they read, but until now the effects from aircraft noise and speech have never been compared directly in an experiment. Furthermore, individual differences in susceptibility to these effects are not well understood. The present investigation addressed these two issues. Adolescents attending upper secondary school were recruited as participants and the data collection was made in their ordinary classrooms. The results from two experiments revealed that speech is more detrimental to prose memory than is aircraft noise, and individual differences in working memory capacity contributes more to individual differences in susceptibility to the effects of aircraft noise on prose memory than to the effects of speech. Some applied implications of those findings to noise abatement interventions are suggested.     

城区内涝条件下城市公交-地铁双层交通网络的脆弱性分析

为提高城市公共交通应对内涝的能力,利用复杂网络理论的Space-L方法构建了武汉市中心城区的地铁、公交无向加权网络,并在此基础上运用ArcGIS软件构建了不同耦合半径的公交-地铁双层交通网络,确定了连边的权重和节点的重要度,计算了静态下地铁网络、公交网络和不同耦合半径的公交-地铁双层交通网络的介数、平均路径长度和聚类系...     

生活垃圾焚烧厂贮坑沥滤液的污染与可处理特性

通过对生活垃圾焚烧厂贮坑沥滤液历时6个月的常规污染物监测,分析了沥滤液中溶解性有机物(DOM)分子量分级和重金属在不同分子量DOM中的分布,以探讨沥滤液的污染与可处理特性结果表明:沥滤液有机污染程度高.沥滤液中有机物以非溶解性(约占有机物总量的23%)和分子量＜4 ku的DOM(超过DOM总量的88%)为主,低碳有机酸和醇的总量占沥滤液中DOM(分子量＜4 ku)的50%.沥滤液中重金属含量高,在DOM各分子量分级中,重金属主要与分子量＜4 ku的DOM相关,尤其是Zn和Ni的分布占90%以上,并且重金属(除As和Hg外)的分布与有机物的分布呈显著的正相关性.根据沥滤液的性质,宜采用混凝或厌氧-好氧生物方法对其进行处理.      

环评工作中常见噪声源的噪声控制措施

在环评工作中,会遇到各种各样的噪声源,即使同一种噪声源,在不同的项目中工况和环境条件也不尽相同。因此,在确定噪声控制对策时需要具体问题具体分析。本文分析了风机、空压机、水泵、粉碎机械、冷却塔等通用机械的噪声特性并提出了噪声控制的一般方法;说明了高等级公路交通噪声控制的措施,还对环境影响报告书中常见噪声控制对策进行了评述。     

海洋平台主机烟气排放对直升机影响数值分析

目的确保南海A钻采平台直升机安全起降,直升机全年不可用概率控制在10%以内。方法通过Fluent软件数值模拟多工况、多风向风速下高温烟气在直升机甲板上方及周围空间的流动、温升及湍流分布规律,以CAP43-7标准所推荐直升机起飞和降落的安全原则为判定依据,分析计算温升和湍流对直升机起飞和降落的全年影响概率。结果综合得出直升机不可用概率理论值,M1工况为8%,M2工况为9%。结论模拟计算结果为平台主机烟管及直升机甲板布置方案的确定提供理论依据,为平台直升机起降操作起到指导作用。     

摩托车驾驶员闯红灯的行为意向研究

为提高道路交通安全水平,基于计划行为理论(TPB)研究摩托车驾驶员闯红灯的行为意向。设计调查问卷,获得160份有效样本;采用最优子集法筛选TPB基本变量、扩展变量和人口统计学变量,得到包含态度、危险认知、过去行为、预期情感、是否有汽车驾照和是否发生过交通事故等6个变量的最优子集;使用分层回归分析最优子集对闯红灯行为意向的解释能力,并提出相应的交通安全干预措施。结果表明:该子集可以解释闯红灯行为意向方差的29.6%,态度对闯红灯行为意向有最显著的正向影响,危险认知对闯红灯行为意向有显著的负向影响,过去行为和是否有汽车驾照在显著性水平为0.1时也对该意向具有显著的正向影响。应重点从纠正摩托车驾驶员对闯红灯的态度、提高危险认识和加强交管部门监管等方面,制定安全干预措施。     

多情景下湖北省交通运输碳排放峰值预测研究

为加快湖北省交通运输业实现碳达峰,利用湖北省2005—2019年人口规模、城镇化率、交通运输强度、能源强度等数据,构建扩展STIRPAT模型,并结合设置的基准、污染减排、节能降碳、绿色低碳4类情景（18种情景方案）,对湖北省2020—2035年交通运输碳排放峰值 进行预测.结果表明：①2005—2019年湖北省交通运输碳排放量总体呈现出波动上升的趋势;②在其它影响因素不变的情况下,技术性减排对交通运输碳排放的抑制作用大于结构性减排,且随着时间推移,其作用效果越明显;③绿色低碳情景下,保持人口和城镇化率中增长、经济水平高增长的情景方案最可能符合湖北省交通运输碳排放达峰路径,研究预测其碳排放于2030年达到峰值6330.2万t.最后,结合研究结论提出了具体可行的政策性建议.