北京市典型道路交通噪声排放特征

采用北京市道路交通噪声自动监测系统2013—2017年采集的等效连续A声级数据,对城市快速路、城市主干线、城市次干线、城市支路的代表性站点噪声排放情况进行了统计分析,结果显示,北京市不同等级的道路噪声排放具备一定的特征,排放水平从大到小依次为城市快速路城市主干线城市支路和城市次干线,道路噪声随时间变化存在较为一致的周期性排放特征,24 h变化特征比较明显。个别道路排放特征存在特异性,如城市主干线道路的一个代表监测站点噪声监测值出现了逐年下降趋势,分析发现,北京市非首都功能疏解对其噪声值的下降有一定贡献。采取一定的规划和管理措施有助于减少道路交通噪声的排放。     

空中交通尾流间隔标准的安全性评估分析

为了分析现行尾流间隔的安全性,建立了尾涡安全评估模型,基于国内现行尾流间隔标准,对诱导滚转力矩系数和所需滚转角速度计算数据进行统计,选择所需滚转角速度作为安全性衡量指标。计算分析了气象条件尾涡遭遇严重度的影响,对不同机型类别组合下的所需滚转角速度计算数据进行统计分析。研究结果表明:与滚转力矩系数相比,所需滚转角速度更适合作为尾流安全性的衡量指标;在顶风条件下可适度缩减所需的尾流间隔,提高空管运行效率;不同类别组合下的当量均值可以反映不同类别组合下的安全程度和潜在的间隔缩减潜力,当量标准值则可反映类别中所属机型之间的差异性。     

国内外环境噪声监测方法比较及启示

综合比较了中国、日本、欧盟、美国和澳大利亚等国家或地区的环境噪声监测与评价方法,分析了声环境质量监测法、噪声地图预测法和噪声源监测法3种环境噪声评估方法的优缺点,认为声环境质量监测法适合现阶段中国环境噪声监测与管理需求,但下一步应结合噪声产生与传播预测方法改进中国声环境监测评价方法,增强对监测过程的质控,增加重点噪声源监测,以期更全面地反映城市声环境质量状况。     

Factors associated with prehospital death among traffic accident patients in Osaka City,Japan: A population-based study

Objective: Although it is important to assess the factors associated with traffic accident fatalities to decrease them as a matter of public health, such factors have not been fully identified.

Methods: Using a large-scale data set of ambulance records in Osaka City, Japan, we retrospectively analyzed all traffic accident patients transported to hospitals by emergency medical service personnel from 2013 to 2014. In this study, prehospital death was defined as that occurring at the scene or in the emergency department immediately after hospital arrival. We assessed prehospital factors associated with prehospital death due to traffic accidents by logistic regression models.

Results: This study enrolled 28,903 emergency patients involved in traffic accidents, of whom 68 died prehospital. In a multivariate model, elderly patients aged ≥75 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.29–8.23), nighttime (AOR = 2.75; 95% CI, 1.65–4.70), and type of injured person compared to bicyclists such as pedestrians (AOR = 9.58; 95% CI, 5.07–17.99), motorcyclists (AOR = 2.75; 95% CI, 1.21–6.24), and car occupants (AOR = 2.98; 95% CI, 1.39–6.40) were significantly associated with prehospital death due to traffic accidents. In addition, the AOR for automobile versus nonautomobile as the collision opponent was 4.76 (95% CI, 2.30–9.88).

Conclusions: In this population, the factors associated with prehospital death due to traffic accidents were elderly people, nighttime, and pedestrian as the type of patient. The proportion of prehospital deaths due to traffic accidents was also high when the collision component was an automobile.     

Abdominopelvic injuries due to road traffic accidents: Characteristics in a registry of 162,695 victims

Objective: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are the first cause of abdominopelvic injuries (APIs). The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics and severity of APIs due to traffic accidents in a large French trauma registry and to identify risk factors for API.

Methods: All victims from the French Rhône registry of victims of RTAs were analyzed from 1996 to 2013. This registry contained data that were issued over a 20-year period from 245 medical departments, from prehospital care until re-adaptation, and forensic medicine departments. All APIs, defined as an injury between the diaphragm and the pelvic bone, were extracted and studied.

Results: Among 162,695 victims, 10,165 had an API (6.7%). Accidents frequently involved young men and 2 cars. Mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 8.7. Mortality rate was 5.6%. Soft tissue injuries largely predominated (n = 6,388; 54.4% of patients). Overall, 2,322 victims had a pelvic bone injury. Internal abdominal organs were involved in 2,425 patients; the most frequent were the spleen, liver, and kidney. Wearing of the seat belt appeared to be a significant protective factor in API, including serious injuries. A partial analysis over the past 2 years among the most severe patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit indicated that nonoperative management was carried out in two thirds of the wounded. In uni- or multivariate analysis, sex, age, type of user, antagonist, time of occurrence, associated severe lesions, or wearing of the seat belt were statistically associated with the occurrence of API, highlighting a more dangerous user profile.

Conclusions: Abdominopelvic injuries concern a minority of road traffic injuries, but they are responsible for significant mortality. Large solid organs are the most frequently affected. Women drivers wearing a seat belt and driving in town during the day appear to be more protected against API.     

中部3省城市建设用地功能时空演化特征

定量识别区域城市建设用地功能演化特征与模式,是推进可持续城市建设用地开发利用与管理、助力新型城镇化等国家战略的重要基础。从人口承载、生产与消费、公共服务3个方面构建了城市建设用地功能评价指标体系与模型,以地级市为研究单元探究了2000~2014年期间我国中部3省多尺度城市建设用地功能演化特征与模式。研究结果表明:(1)中部3省城市建设用地人口承载、生产与消费、公共服务和综合功能总体呈改善趋势,但演化过程复杂;(2)不同尺度尤其是城市群地区城市建设用地功能演化特征差异明显。沿长江和城市群地区城市建设用地功能演化强度高,但城市群地区空间异质性较强;(3)城市建设用地功能演化以复合型演化模式为主,演化格局复杂。其中,城市建设用地人口承载功能演化模式类型最多,且局部地区呈衰退型演化格局;城市建设用地生产与消费、公共服务功能和综合功能演化模式类型相对较少,且大多集中连片分布,武汉城市建设用地综合功能加速改善型演化特征显著。如何深入探究城市建设用地功能演化模式形成机理,并系统制定多级城市建设用地可持续利用管理策略,是实现我国新型城镇化和"美丽中国梦"等战略的重要任务。     

高架桥路交通噪声主观反应调查研究

采用调查与噪声测量同步进行的方法研究人们对城市高架桥路交通噪声的主观反应,分析了主观烦恼度,睡眠干扰率随等效声级变化的规律,指出不同人群主观烦恼反应,睡眠干扰反应的差异,高架桥路建设前后及非高架桥主观反应的差异。     

火电厂冷却池热污染治理初探

通过系统的模型试验,以色水为示踪剂模拟热水,探讨排、取水口分列式布置的三维时间连续点源如何采用工程设施转换成无限长二维面源,以利用水面热交换解决火电厂冷却池热污染的治理问题。给出了出流近区流速分布及流量沿程变化的近似计算式。此研究成果对挖掘冷却池散热潜力,增加电厂装机容量具有实用推广价值     

噪声方向结构的主观评价研究

通过对自由场、混响场和介于两者之间的声场以及自由场中不同射方向等不同的方向性结构下噪声的响度和吵闹度和心理试验研究,得到了不同方向结构噪声的主观感觉差异程度,以及主观感觉所对应的声压级定量差值。     

山城道路交通噪声的分析和预测

本文报道了以路面坡度为主要特点的山城道路交通噪声的分析和等效声级预测方法.根据山城路面结构,两侧建筑物分布特点,对机动车辆在坡道上行驶状态和噪声辐射进行了大量测量和研究,得到不同车种噪声与坡度、车速的线性关系式.研究证明上下坡侧声级值有差异,道路两侧建筑物阶梯式分布噪声污染特点.给出了坡道路面交通噪声等效声级及其在车流量较少条件下的预测方法,并与实测值作了比较.