新农村建设中的农业面源污染现状、问题及对策分析

分析了农业面源污染现状，从认识上、技术上、投入不足、生产生活方式等方面分析了农业面源污染成因，并提出了对策。     

泾河中游将军村全新世剖面中钾素的地球化学特征及古气候意义

通过对泾河中游将军村全新世黄土地层中钾素、低频质量磁化率、频率磁化率、Rb/Sr与年代学综合分析,着重探讨了黄土中钾素的地球化学特征及其所揭示的古气候变化。研究表明：（1）速效钾、缓效钾具有很明显的古气候指示意义,可作为衡量东亚夏季风强弱的一种敏感参数或代用指标,并且对微弱的古气侯波动反映更灵敏。（2）近万年来将军村剖面所经历的古气候变化特征：早全新世（11.20—8.05 ka BP）气候逐渐趋于相对暖湿,但气候冷干/暖湿波动频繁交替;中全新世（8.05—3.10 ka BP）气候适宜;晚全新世前期（3.10—2.00 ka BP）气候偏凉干;晚全新世后期（2.00 ka BP—至今）气候再度转为偏暖湿。（3）将军村剖面全新世气候适宜期是渐变形成的,但大暖期却在约3.10 ka BP时以气候突变形式终结。     

宝鸡市上王地震台咸水渠泉水氡动态变化影响因素探讨

本文结合1999年以来上王地震台咸水渠泉地下流体水氡观测资料,在剔除K值影响的基础上,对水氡及其辅助测项流量、降雨的关系进行分析,得出上王地震台水氡动态变化受流量、降雨影响,呈显著的负相关性,并结合2008年汶川8．O级地震震后出现的显著异常现象得到验证。     

2012年-2016年乐亭酸雨变化特征及影响因素分析研究

利用2012年-2016年乐亭国家基本气象站气象观测资料,分析了乐亭酸雨变化特征和降水量、风向、风速等气象因素对酸雨的影响.结果表明:年平均降水pH值和年酸雨频率呈下降趋势、平均K值呈上升趋势;秋季酸雨程度在四季中最严重,平均pH值为4.50,酸雨频率为38.4%;月平均pH值和酸雨频率呈现波动;酸雨平均pH值随降水量的增加而下降,酸雨频率随降水量的增加不断上升;月平均风速越大,月平均pH值越大,酸雨频率越小;酸雨发生时地面主导风向为NE、ENE、E,与上游地区燃煤型钢铁企业有一定关系.     

南京北郊大气BTEX变化特征和健康风险评估

采用2013年3月21日~2014年2月28日GC5000在线气相色谱仪对南京北郊大气中的BTEX进行观测,利用EPA人体暴露分析评价方法对BTEX进行健康风险评估.结果表明,南京北郊大气中BTEX总量呈现春季冬季秋季夏季变化特征.BTEX浓度07:00~10:00与17:00~20:00时期较高,13:00~15:00之间最低;周末BTEX浓度高于工作日.BTEX来源包括交通源、工业源排放与溶剂挥发.BTEX四季HQ均表现为苯二甲苯乙苯甲苯,所有分析时段内HQ风险值都在安全范围.南京北郊R值呈现冬季秋季春季夏季的分布规律,R在所有分析时间都超安全阈值,存在致癌风险.     

自吸式文丘里洗涤器运动特性及强化机理的模拟研究

文丘里洗涤器具有传质效率高、无需额外动力及设备尺寸小等优点,在危险化学品洗消、工业除尘等领域有着广泛应用,为了分析文丘里洗涤器内的气液运动规律获得强化机理,利用CFD构建三维模型,分析了非浸没式文丘里喉部气速、浸没高度、喉部间距等典型操作参数对文丘里内部流场、分散效果以及引射性能的影响。发现受气体剪切的作用,进入文丘里洗涤器内部的液体主要贴壁运动,只有少部分被分散形成雾滴。引射量随入口速度的增加而增加,当入口气速增加至18.4 m/s时,引射量增加了5倍,从0.11 kg/s增加到0.53 kg/s。引射量随浸没高度的降低和喉部间距的增大而降低,喉部间距的增加,降低了液膜在管壁附着量,增加了在文丘里洗涤器中间的分布,提高了气-液体的碰撞概率。此外,也发现挡板分布器的加入,降低了液体的贴壁量,增加了液体组分的均匀性,提高了气液接触的概率。     

±500kV直流复合绝缘子沿串积污特性研究

复合绝缘子的积污特性与瓷绝缘子和玻璃绝缘子有所不同,研究其积污规律对防止污闪有着重要意义。为此,以3支实际运行后的±500kV直流复合绝缘子为研究对象,系统测量其沿串不同位置的污秽度,用等值盐密(ESDD)和灰密(NSDD)表征。试验发现绝缘子不同伞上下表面的等值盐密和灰密大多呈现出U形的分布规律,尤其以等值盐密的U形分布更为明显,而且不同伞上下表面污秽U形分布规律性的强弱有一定差异。讨论了积污过程中电场对污秽沉积的作用以及自清洗过程中雨水冲洗的随机作用,更好地解释了直流复合绝缘子的沿串积污规律。     

Assessing the Potential to Restore Historic Grazing Ecosystems with Tortoise Ecological Replacements

The extinction of large herbivores, often keystone species, can dramatically modify plant communities and impose key biotic thresholds that may prevent an ecosystem returning to its previous state and threaten native biodiversity. A potentially innovative, yet controversial, landscape‐based long‐term restoration approach is to replace missing plant‐herbivore interactions with non‐native herbivores. Aldabran giant (Aldabrachelys gigantea) and Madagascan radiated (Astrochelys radiata) tortoises, taxonomically and functionally similar to the extinct Mauritian giant tortoises (Cylindraspis spp.), were introduced to Round Island, Mauritius, in 2007 to control the non‐native plants that were threatening persistence of native species. We monitored the response of the plant community to tortoise grazing for 11 months in enclosures before the tortoises were released and, compared the cost of using tortoises as weeders with the cost of using manual labor. At the end of this period, plant biomass; vegetation height and cover; and adult, seedling, flower, and seed abundance were 3–136 times greater in adjacent control plots than in the tortoise enclosures. After their release, the free‐roaming tortoises grazed on most non‐native plants and significantly reduced vegetation cover, height, and seed production, reflecting findings from the enclosure study. The tortoises generally did not eat native species, although they consumed those native species that increased in abundance following the eradication of mammalian herbivores. Our results suggest that introduced non‐native tortoises are a more cost‐effective approach to control non‐native vegetation than manual weeding. Numerous long‐term outcomes (e.g., change in species composition and soil seed bank) are possible following tortoise releases. Monitoring and adaptive management are needed to ensure that the replacement herbivores promote the recovery of native plants. Estudiando el Potencial para Restaurar Ecosistemas Históricos de Forrajeo con Reemplazos Ecológicos de Tortugas Terrestres     

Kabrit ki gen twòp mèt: understanding gaps in WASH services in Haiti's IDP camps

Despite the enormous infusion of post‐quake aid to Haiti, cholera had killed more than 8,000 people by January 2013. Based on two mixed‐method studies of a random sample of 108 internally displaced person (IDP) camps and 168 interviews with agency representatives and recipients, this article examines the prevalence of factors that have proven most relevant to the rapid spread of cholera, particularly the provision of water and sanitation services in IDP camps. The study reveals that 30% of IDP camps had no toilets and 40% had no access to water before the outbreak, with only minimal progress after three months. Using bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses, this article explores patterns in the gaps of services with a range of variables such as NGO camp management, municipality and landowners. It offers several theoretical and policy explanations for low level of services, concluding with a series of recommendations for better coordination and management.     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌对龙门挂架表面铜的浸出效果

龙门挂架(下称挂架)是线路板生产过程必用的固定支架,生产线路板时挂架表面会附着大量铜,使得挂架需经酸法处理后才能回用,造成大量废液和恶劣的工作环境. 为此,采用环境友好的微生物技术回收挂架表面的Cu,分析了A.f菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌)脱除挂架表面Cu的效果及9K培养基不同配比(以w计,分别为100%、50%、25%)的影响,并初步解析其浸出过程. 结果表明:①添加100%的9K培养基时,A.f菌浸出挂架及其配件的溶液中ρ(Cu2+)均最高,分别达2.31和1.06 g/L,挂架及其配件表面Cu均已脱除. ②结合浸出液中ρ(Cu2+)、ρ(Fe2+)和pH随时间的变化及三者之间的相互影响关系可知,浸铜过程为A.f菌先将溶液中的Fe2+氧化为Fe3+,Fe3+再将挂架表面的Cu氧化为Cu2+. ③利用一级动力学和二级动力学模型,对3种配比培养基下配件浸出液中的ρ(Cu2+)进行曲线拟合,二级动力学模型的R2(相关系数)分别为0.888 4、0.900 8、0.844 4,均高于一级动力学的R2,表明二级动力学模型更适用于Cu的浸取行为. 该生物浸出方法有望在线路板行业中进行应用.