无机钝化剂对镉污染酸性水稻土的修复效果及其机制

以浙江南部重金属镉（Cd）轻度污染酸性稻田为对象,以当地应用最广泛的3种无机钝化剂（硅钙镁钾肥、钙镁磷肥和石灰）为材料,通过田间试验研究了不同用量（750、1500和2250 kg ·hm^-2）钝化剂阻控土壤酸化与稻米Cd积累的效果与化学机制.结果表明,3种钝化剂可有效地改良土壤酸化和降低水稻稻米Cd积累,施用2250 kg ·hm^-2硅钙镁钾肥、钙镁磷肥和石灰分别增加土壤pH值0.62、0.65和0.86单位,减少交换性酸总量67%、69%和78%,降低糙米镉含量73%、68%和77%.施用2250 kg ·hm²钝化剂可使Cd轻度污染稻田上种植水稻糙米中ω（Cd）低于0.2 mg ·kg^-1,达到国家食品安全标准;与对照比较,3种钝化剂均显著降低土壤中DTPA提取有效态镉含量,降低弱酸提取态（F1）和可还原态（F2） Cd含量,增加残渣态（F4） Cd含量;相关分析表明糙米Cd含量与土壤pH与交换性阳离子含量呈显著负相关,与DTPA-Cd、F1-Cd、F2-Cd和交换铝含量呈显著正相关.应用最小二乘路径模型分析了糙米Cd含量、Cd有效性和化学形态与土壤性质的关系,土壤交换性阳离子对糙米Cd含量、有效镉和水稻产量直接影响的路径系数分别为-0.566、-0.866和0.873,土壤pH主要通过直接影响有效镉而间接影响糙米镉含量.田间试验证明,这3种钝化剂是实现镉污染酸性水稻土水稻安全生产的有效技术,它们主要通过影响土壤交换性阳离子而直接影响土壤镉生物有效性,进而影响糙米中镉的积累,研究结果可为受污染耕地水稻安全生产和酸化土壤改良提供科学依据.     

水样总氮测定空白值偏高的探讨

根据《水质总氮的测定碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法》（GB11894—89）测定地表水中的总氮时,空白试验的吸光值常偏高。经对加热消解时间、试验用水水质、试剂添加顺序、储存时间等因素进行了试验,并对操作步骤影响吸光度空白值作了探讨。     

原子吸收测定污水中可溶性硫化物试验研究

无火焰原子吸收法测定可溶性硫化物的基本原理是使水中硫化物与硝酸银反应,生成硫化银沉淀,沉淀过滤后用原子吸收分光光度计测定剩余银含量,间接测定硫化物含量。本文通过对无火焰原子吸收法测定银含量过程中的各种条件试验,并加以分析研究。实验表明此方法具有测定灵敏度高,背景值测定具有优越性等特点,完全满足污水中硫化物监测的需要。     

非等间隔GM（1，1）模型在液相色谱保留值研究中的应用

本文运用灰色系统理论思想,建立非等间隔ＧＭ（１,１）模型,对色谱中的流动相组成及容量因子的关系进行预测研究,所建立模型能实现对各实验点值进行模拟和合理地预测。     

基于LOF的K-means聚类方法及其在微震监测中的应用

矿山微震事件集群是分析矿震的重要参考之一，其准确的划分对矿山微震分布特征和微震活动分析具有重要作用。提出了1种基于局部离群因子(Local Outlier Factor, LOF)的K-means聚类算法并构建了综合SSE评价指标和模型，通过LOF算法检测异常微震事件和选取初始聚类中心，利用Krzanowski-Lai指数确定最佳聚类分组数；采用模拟计算比较了不同数据集大小的聚类效果。结果表明:基于LOF的K-means聚类方法评分最高，聚类结果最好；并利用该聚类方法分析用沙坝矿1 649个微震事件的分布特征与微震活动性。实例表明，K=7为最佳聚类分组数，聚类簇的划分受断层滑移和矿山生产活动的影响。     

Combining Structured Decision Making and Value‐of‐Information Analyses to Identify Robust Management Strategies

Abstract: Structured decision making and value‐of‐information analyses can be used to identify robust management strategies even when uncertainty about the response of the system to management is high. We used these methods in a case study of management of the non‐native invasive species gray sallow willow (Salix cinerea) in alpine Australia. Establishment of this species is facilitated by wildfire. Managers are charged with developing a management strategy despite extensive uncertainty regarding the frequency of fires, the willow's demography, and the effectiveness of management actions. We worked with managers in Victoria to conduct a formal decision analysis. We used a dynamic model to identify the best management strategy for a range of budgets. We evaluated the robustness of the strategies to uncertainty with value‐of‐information analyses. Results of the value‐of‐information analysis indicated that reducing uncertainty would not change which management strategy was identified as the best unless budgets increased substantially. This outcome suggests there would be little value in implementing adaptive management for the problem we analyzed. The value‐of‐information analyses also highlighted that the main driver of gray sallow willow invasion (i.e., fire frequency) is not necessarily the same factor that is most important for decision making (i.e., willow seed dispersal distance). Value of‐information analyses enables managers to better target monitoring and research efforts toward factors critical to making the decision and to assess the need for adaptive management.     

Salience of law enforcement: A field experiment

We conduct a field experiment to examine whether the deterrent effect of law enforcement depends on the salience of law enforcement activity. Our focus is on illegal disposal of household garbage in residential areas. At a random subset of 56 locations in a mid-sized city, law enforcement officers supplemented their regular enforcement activities by the practice of putting brightly-colored warning labels on illegally disposed garbage bags. This treatment made the existing enforcement activities suddenly much more apparent to residents. We find evidence for a substantial reduction in illegal disposal of garbage in response to the treatment.     

Oversight of shale gas production in the United States and the disclosure of toxic substances

With the encouragement of shale gas production in the United States, governments have considered a range of legislative and regulatory proposals to manage health and environmental damages that may accompany extraction activities. Exceptions adopted by Congress to major federal environmental legislation have meant that individual US states have deemed it necessary to provide oversight through regulations to protect people and safeguard environmental quality. In responding, states have legal structures under which drilling firms may not need to disclose the toxic substances used in fracturing wells. Yet, with increasing numbers of drilling sites, more people are at risk from accidents and exposure to harmful substances used at fractured wells. To provide for meaningful health and safety protection, governments may need to reevaluate legal provisions offering trade secret protection for toxic substances used in fracturing.     

电子部组件延寿分析

由于军用电子设备的高可靠性以及列装之前的测试无法完全模拟出真实的服役环境,导致测试结果的参考意义不大。鉴于此,文中将以电子部组件的任务剖面作为基础,在制作环境载荷谱时,参考影响电子部组件寿命的关键因素,将电子元器件及焊点疲劳失效的机理模型作为理论依据。在绘制电子部组件的CAD模型时,进行适当简化,使用ANSYS软件对其进行多载荷耦合作用下的有限元仿真,找出电子元器件的薄弱点,并对关键部位进行寿命预测,为军用电子设备故障的初步诊断及装备延寿分析提供借鉴。     

广西百色植烟区土壤及烟株硼含量特征研究

为了科学补充烟田土壤硼元素,平衡土壤与烟株之间的硼营养,并最终改善烟叶品质,本研究选择广西百色靖西市壬庄乡史典村、化峒镇三友村及德保县燕峒乡那布村植烟区为研究对象,分析了烟株及其根系土壤的硼素含量特征。结果表明:(1)史典村土壤全量硼变化范围为35.23～90.47mg/kg,平均值为52.44±14.5mg/kg,处于中等水平;三友村变化范围为19.27～42.01mg/kg,平均值为28.26±6.72mg/kg,处于缺乏水平;那布村变化范围为84.28～130.71mg/kg,平均值为110.76±13.7mg/kg,处于丰富水平;(2)三块烟田上部烟叶硼含量处于适宜水平的占4.17%,其余均处于高含量水平;中部烟叶硼含量处于适宜水平的占20%,其余均处于高含量水平;三友村下部烟叶硼含量处于适宜水平的占60%,处于低水平及欠缺水平的占40%。三块烟田烟株的烟茎、上部及中部烟叶的钙硼比均低于1340,处于不缺硼状态;三友村下部烟叶钙硼比略高于1500,处于缺硼状态;(3)三块烟田烟株硼含量均为上部烟叶>中部烟叶>烟茎,两两之间具有显著性差异(P＜0.05),即硼在新生组织中含量较成熟组织高;(4)土壤pH与土壤硼含量及上部烟叶硼含量呈极显著负相关,与烟茎硼及中部烟叶硼含量呈显著负相关;上部烟叶硼含量与土壤硼含量呈极显著正相关,中部烟叶硼含量与土壤硼含量呈显著正相关,说明可在一定范围内改良土壤pH及调节土壤硼含量,以提升烤烟品质。