电子部组件延寿分析

由于军用电子设备的高可靠性以及列装之前的测试无法完全模拟出真实的服役环境,导致测试结果的参考意义不大。鉴于此,文中将以电子部组件的任务剖面作为基础,在制作环境载荷谱时,参考影响电子部组件寿命的关键因素,将电子元器件及焊点疲劳失效的机理模型作为理论依据。在绘制电子部组件的CAD模型时,进行适当简化,使用ANSYS软件对其进行多载荷耦合作用下的有限元仿真,找出电子元器件的薄弱点,并对关键部位进行寿命预测,为军用电子设备故障的初步诊断及装备延寿分析提供借鉴。     

滇池流域典型小流域农业种植情况调查

采用资料收集、GPS定位、实地踏勘及走访式问卷调查方式,对滇池流域典型小流域柴河流域、牧羊河流域、宝象河流域的农业种植基本情况进行抽样调查,调查结果显示小流域上游到下游,农民人均耕地面积不断减少,复种指数和大棚种植比例逐渐增加;柴河流域的化肥施用强度上游高下游低,宝象河和牧羊河流域的化肥施用强度上游低、下游高。     

添加钾矿粉对鸡粪堆肥中N、P和K含量的影响

研究了低品位含钾矿粉(PBMB)和其它添加剂对鸡粪堆肥除臭保氮和P、K含量的影响。在固定鸡粪和锯木质量比的堆肥中分别投加0%、10%、20%、30%、40%PBMP,接种0.2%EM菌堆肥发酵35d,连续测量各堆肥温度、pH值、NH3释放量和有效钾含量,得出钾矿粉最适投加量为20%～30%。在此基础上,在固定鸡粪、锯木和过磷酸钙质量比的堆肥中分别加入20%或30%钾矿粉、山土、粉煤灰和石英,接种0.2%EM菌剂堆肥发酵35d,测量各堆肥养分含量。结果表明,钾矿粉、过磷酸钙和锯木组合添加剂在调节堆肥温度,缩短堆肥腐熟时间,减少堆肥NH3释放量,提高堆肥中全氮、速效钾和速效磷含量方面效果最为显著,在35d后,其NH3平均减少率达到71.26%,全氮和速效钾与对照相比分别提高了15.78%和75.96%,而速效磷含量与堆制前相比提高16.78%。结果说明可以通过采用添加钾矿粉的方法来降低鸡粪发酵中的氮素损失和提高速效钾含量。     

锰电解行业铬钝化剂回收利用技术研究

以某电解锰工艺末端铬钝化废水为研究对象,采用氧化、除杂、反应制得成品,污水达标处理及回用的组合工艺,制备达到国家标准的中铬黄产品,以实现铬的回收利用。结果表明:对于H2O2氧化工艺,选用V(水样)/V(30%H2O2)为(600～1000):1;可采取加碱沉淀Mn的工艺去除杂质金属离子;铬酸铅的生成反应适宜温度为55～60℃,硝酸铅投加量为理论值的1.05倍～1.10倍;采取加石灰调pH、投加硫酸铝的方法可去除水样中剩余铅离子,V(上清液)/V(5%硫酸铝溶液)为1000～2000较合适;生产该产品基本上能够做到保本、微利,但具有显著的环境效益和社会效益。     

无电晕热电子发射式高温除尘器阴极材料的试验研究

在不同的温度和电压条件下,对新近开发的阴极材料进行了试验研究。研究结果表明:温度和电压对阴极材料的电发射性能均有不同程度的影响。在高温(>850℃)条件下,只需施加较低电压(2000～3000V)就可以获得0.8～1.2mA/cm2的电流密度,这比我们2000年开发的阴极材料在相同条件下获得的电流密度高1个数量级。发射极具有良好的稳定性,可在高温条件下长期使用。并对以此种阴极材料作为发射极时除尘器的除尘效率进行了研究。     

Reducing Nitrogen Export from the Corn Belt to the Gulf of Mexico: Agricultural Strategies for Remediating Hypoxia

SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed models developed for the Upper Midwest were used to help evaluate the nitrogen‐load reductions likely to be achieved by a variety of agricultural conservation practices in the Upper Mississippi‐Ohio River Basin (UMORB) and to compare these reductions to the 45% nitrogen‐load reduction proposed to remediate hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Our results indicate that nitrogen‐management practices (improved fertilizer management and cover crops) fall short of achieving this goal, even if adopted on all cropland in the region. The goal of a 45% decrease in loads to the GoM can only be achieved through the coupling of nitrogen‐management practices with innovative nitrogen‐removal practices such as tile‐drainage treatment wetlands, drainage–ditch enhancements, stream‐channel restoration, and floodplain reconnection. Combining nitrogen‐management practices with nitrogen‐removal practices can dramatically reduce nutrient export from agricultural landscapes while minimizing impacts to agricultural production. With this approach, it may be possible to meet the 45% nutrient reduction goal while converting less than 1% of cropland in the UMORB to nitrogen‐removal practices. Conservationists, policy makers, and agricultural producers seeking a workable strategy to reduce nitrogen export from the Corn Belt will need to consider a combination of nitrogen‐management practices at the field scale and diverse nitrogen‐removal practices at the landscape scale.     

The Potential Conservation Value of Non‐Native Species

Abstract: Non‐native species can cause the loss of biological diversity (i.e., genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity) and threaten the well‐being of humans when they become invasive. In some cases, however, they can also provide conservation benefits. We examined the ways in which non‐native species currently contribute to conservation objectives. These include, for example, providing habitat or food resources to rare species, serving as functional substitutes for extinct taxa, and providing desirable ecosystem functions. We speculate that non‐native species might contribute to achieving conservation goals in the future because they may be more likely than native species to persist and provide ecosystem services in areas where climate and land use are changing rapidly and because they may evolve into new and endemic taxa. The management of non‐native species and their potential integration into conservation plans depends on how conservation goals are set in the future. A fraction of non‐native species will continue to cause biological and economic damage, and substantial uncertainty surrounds the potential future effects of all non‐native species. Nevertheless, we predict the proportion of non‐native species that are viewed as benign or even desirable will slowly increase over time as their potential contributions to society and to achieving conservation objectives become well recognized and realized.     

西南生态脆弱区域农村城镇化的生态效应和调控对策研究——以云南昭通为例

西南生态脆弱区域农村城镇化水平较低，农村城镇化对区域经济社会发展和生态环境保护具有重要的意义，但农村城镇化也存在对生态环境的影响和破坏。通过分析云南昭通农村城镇化发展的生态增殖效应和胁迫效应，提出相应的生态调控对策，为生态脆弱区城镇的可持续发展探寻更为切实的规划思路。     

The Paradox of the Long‐Term Positive Effects of a North American Crayfish on a European Community of Predators

Abstract: Invasions of non‐native species are one of the major causes of losses of native species. In some cases, however, non‐natives may also have positive effects on native species. We investigated the potential facilitative effects of the North American red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) on the community of predators in southwestern Spain. To do so, we examined the diets of predators in the area and their population trends since introduction of the crayfish. Most predator species consumed red swamp crayfish, which sometimes occurred in over 50% of their diet samples. Moreover, the abundance of species preying on crayfish increased significantly in the area as opposed to the abundance of herbivores and to predator populations in other areas of Europe, where those predators are even considered threatened. Thus, we report the first case in which one non‐native species is both beneficial because it provides prey for threatened species and detrimental because it can drive species at lower trophic levels to extinction. Increases in predator numbers that are associated with non‐native species of prey, especially when some of these predators are also invasive non‐natives, may increase levels of predation on other species and produce cascading effects that threaten native biota at longer temporal and larger spatial scales. Future management plans should include the complexity of interactions between invasive non‐natives and the entire native community, the feasibility of successful removal of non‐native species, and the potential social and economic interests in the area.     

云南蒋家沟流域泥石流沟谷演变的非线性特征

蒋家沟是我国西南山区一条典型的暴雨泥石流沟，位于云南省东北部金沙江支流小江河谷的右岸。主沟长13.9km，流域面积48.6km^2，平均纵坡比降16.02%，流域内有4级支沟。据统计，沟谷长度大于0.50km的各级泥石支沟有26条，其中主沟1条（即蒋家沟）,另含Ⅰ级支沟6条，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ级支沟各2，7和10。蒋家沟流域内各级泥石流支沟尽管在形态上具有自相似性，但在空间分布上则具有均一性，从各支沟的数目、密度和流域面积看，均表明由沟口至沟源（尾）有逐渐增强的趋势，且主要集中在门前、多照两沟内。对蒋家沟及流域内各泥石流支沟的沟谷形态分析显示，各支沟的流域面积、沟道坡降及长度均存在明显的分形特征，它们与沟道数目之间有良好的非线性关系。这种非线性关系一 定程度上揭示了这些泥石流沟谷演变的非均匀性和自相似性。