洪涝灾害灾情时间变化特性分析——以中国1736～1911年主要大江大河流域变化序列分析为例

利用已经建立的全国1736～1911年洪涝灾害时间序列,拟合了各个区域的洪涝灾害长期变化趋势,并通过功率谱分析了时间序列的波动规律;同时,分析了气温,降水等自然因素的变化和人口总量变化、人口空间迁移以及土地利用变化等人文因素变化与灾害增减之间的关系。结果表明,洪涝灾害的波动主要由气候变化等自然因素的波动所引起,而人类活动增强并不断向高风险区扩展是洪涝灾害持续增长的主要原因,最终使洪涝灾害表现为在波动中持续增长。     

电改电袋复合除尘器在220MW机组上的应用

分析了某电厂220MW机组燃煤锅炉电改电袋复合除尘器的设计优化、运行调试和关键参数,重点对比了改造后电袋复合除尘器和常规袋式除尘器的清灰周期、运行阻力等参数变化,为燃煤锅炉电改电袋复合除尘器设计和运行维护的提供参考。     

An economic evaluation on the purification and storage of waste hydrogen for the use of fuel cell scooters

Safe and reliable metal hydride canisters (MHCs) for the use of hydrogen storage at low pressure can be applied to supply small fuel cell vehicles or scooters with hydrogen fuel. However, greater cost-effectiveness of hydrogen gas is obviously necessary to the successful promotion of hydrogen fuel cell scooters in the market. In this study, we use the net present value (NPV) method to evaluate the feasibility of an investment project on the supply of purified hydrogen in a pulp company at Hualien, Taiwan. The purified hydrogen can be separated from waste hydrogen by using pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technology and then be stored in MHCs. Under some assumptions of improved parameters about hydrogen production cost and hydrogen gas price, the discounted payback period of hydrogen purification and storage project in our study can be less than 10 years and the unit cost of hydrogen gas can be close to the price of gasoline. Moreover, the unit cost of hydrogen gas in our study can be lower than the cost from other sources of hydrogen.     

混凝-超滤短流程工艺处理北方水库原水

采用混凝-超滤膜短流程工艺对大伙房水库原水进行处理,考察其除污染性能和膜污染情况,并对该短流程工艺参数进行优化。结果表明,当利用超滤膜直接过滤原水时,膜污染较重,并且对污染物质的去除率较低;而采用混凝．超滤短流程工艺时,膜污染得到一定程度上的缓解;当絮凝剂投加量为7mg／L、膜清洗周期为30min时,对浊度、CODMn和UV254的去除率分别为95．61％、40．42％和37．12％,出水水质能够满足生活饮用水卫生标准。     

种茎和播期对甘松出苗的影响

为了对甘松的人工种植提供科学依据,选择不同规格的种茎、不同播期试验,采用单因素随机设计、出苗后定期调查出苗数和抽样测定株高的方法进行了测定。结果表明,种茎和播期对出苗率、苗子长势有显著影响,长8—10cm的种茎、5月栽种有利于甘松出苗。首次报道了甘松人工种植技术研究结果。     

进一步深化建设项目施工期环境监理重点工作的思考

建设项目环境监理试点工作中,施工现场的重点工作决定了建设项目环境监理的工作质量,也提出了工程施工期环境管理的新要求。从工程实际中研究工程施工期环境影响特点及环境保护目标,深化工程施工期污染防治和环境管理要点,是建设项目施工现场环境监理的新内容。     

新时期中国粮食供需平衡态势及粮食安全观的重构

粮食安全是保证任何人在任何时候都能得到为了生存和健康所需要的足够食物。新时期（2015-2050年）我国国内农业资源开发潜力已接近极限,中国粮食安全的总体思路正在面临重构。粮食安全在个人层面是营养安全,在国家层面是国家粮食的可获得能力,国家粮食可获得能力包括粮食生产能力和粮食进口能力,论文从个人营养安全和国家粮食可获得能力视角,对新时期我国粮食供需平衡进行分析,结果表明,在维持现有粮食生产能力的情况下,我国粮食安全保障程度为110.88%~117.49%,粮食具有保障平衡的基本能力,口粮安全保障程度为158.57%~168.02%,口粮具有保障充分平衡的能力,而饲料粮的保障程度只有79.41%~84.15%,保障程度不足。这一有所宽裕的粮食供需平衡态势为允许小幅度市场波动来实现粮食供需动态平衡提供了弹性空间,也为国家粮食政策调整提供了契机和条件。为建立我国新时期粮食安全保障体系,确保粮食供求基本平衡,建议：1）在资源端建立基本农田制度,维持粮食可持续生产能力;2）在生产端逐步发展经营规模较大的专业化粮食生产实体;3）在流通环节充分利用现代网络技术和电子商务模式,培育全国性和区域性现代粮食市场体系,融入国际市场,确保国家粮食安全的有效供应;4）在储备环节完善粮食储备体系,调整粮食储备的结构和规模。     

Effects and mechanism of freeze-thawing cycles on the soil N2O fluxes in the temperate semi-arid steppe

High nitrous oxide(N2O) emissions during freeze-thawing period(FTP) have been observed in many different ecosystems. However, the knowledge about the dynamic of soil N_2O emissions and its main driving mechanism during the freeze-thawing processes in grassland ecosystem is still limited. An in-situ experiment was conducted during the FTP on the sites with 0 and 15% surplus of the average rainfall and two levels of N addition(0,10 g N/(m~2·year)) during growing season(marked as W0N0, W15N0, W0N10, W15N10, respectively) to explore the effects of water and N background on soil N_2O emissions during FTPs and the relationship between soil N_2O emissions and environmental factors. The results indicated that water and N treatments conducted during growing season did not show significant effect on the N_2O effluxes of FTP, but the soil mineral N contents of W0N10 treatment were significantly higher than those of W0N0, W15N0, W15N10treatments(p 0.05). The soil PLFA concentrations of microbial groups monitored during 2015 spring freeze-thawing period(2015S-FTP) were lower than those during winter freeze-thawing period of 2014(2014W-FTP), while cumulative soil N_2O emissions of 2015S-FTP were higher than those of 2014W-FTP. The correlations between soil N_2O effluxes and most of the measured environmental factors were insignificant, multiple stepwise regression analysis indicated that the soil temperature, soil NH_4~+-N content and air temperature were the major environmental factors which significantly influenced the N_2O effluxes during 2014W-FTP, and air temperature and soil water content were the significant influencing factors during 2015S-FTP.     

饥饿对两级SBR反应器内活性污泥的影响

为探究饥饿期内活性污泥中微生物活性的衰减速率、物理性质的变化及恢复情况,研究了好氧〔ρ(DO)=5.50 mg/L〕/缺氧〔ρ(DO)≤0.03 mg/L〕饥饿期对稳定运行的两级SBR反应器内污泥活性的影响,同时考察了污泥的恢复能力及理化性质的变化. 结果表明:30 d的饥饿使COD_Cr去除率下降了20.8%,r_COD(异养菌活性)由111.8 mg/(L·h)降至59.2 mg/(L·h);NH₄+-N去除率下降了59.2%;COD_Cr去除率、r_COD、NH₄+-N去除率分别在94、97、95 d时恢复. 饥饿期内AOB(氨氧化细菌)的衰减速率(k_AOB)为0.029 d-1,NOB(亚硝酸盐氧化细菌)的衰减速率(k_NOB)为0.021 d-1. 恢复初期AOB的恢复速率(k_AOB′=0.125 d-1)大于NOB的恢复速率(k_NOB′=0.069 d-1),导致NO₂--N的累积. 此外,饥饿期ρ(MLSS)下降了42.6%;SVI(污泥指数)由71.2 mL/g升至135.1 mL/g;w(EPS)(EPS为胞外聚合物)由37.9 mg/g(以VSS计)降至18.5 mg/g,其中主要由w(PN)(PN为蛋白质)的减少所致;各物理指标的变化均可在恢复期内恢复.      

北京城区2007~2012年细颗粒物数浓度时空演化

为反映近年来北京城区细颗粒物数浓度时空演化过程,利用MODEL 3886GEO-α手持式激光粒子计数仪连续采集了2007~2012年北京城区93个采样点 6月上旬~7月上旬(非采暖期)和12月上旬~次年的1月上旬(采暖期)细粒径颗粒物PM (0.3、0.3~0.5、0.5~1.0) 的粒子数浓度数据,然后在地统计和空间分析方法的基础上,探究了北京城区细颗粒物数浓度的时空演化特征.结果表明,PM0.3在采暖期的数值均高于其在非采暖期的浓度值,而PM0.3~0.5和PM0.5~1.0在两个不同的采样期浓度值有高有低;采暖期不同下垫面细颗粒浓度差异较明显,而非采暖期下垫面类型对细颗粒浓度的影响相对较弱;非采暖期,北京城区南部的丰台区和东部的朝阳区细颗粒物污染最严重,市中心次之,而北部的海淀区和西部的石景山区污染相对较轻;采暖期,北京城区细颗粒物污染主要集中在朝阳区的东部和东南部,以及市中心及其周边区域.