广东省地质时期植物区系的形成与演变

广东现代植物区系的形成可以追溯到本区晚古生代华夏植物群的发展。早、中泥盆世,本区首先在一些海滨地带发育了裸蕨纲植物;晚泥盆世,广东植物区系大致反映了全球一致的拟鳞木植物群的性质;早石炭世具有前华夏植物群的色彩;二叠纪时已发展为典型的华夏植物区系的性质,是晚古生代华夏植物区系的重要组成部分。中生代,广东植物区系成分发生了很大的变化,裸子植物大量繁盛,但总体上是在本区晚古生代华夏植物区系的基础上演化而来的。晚古生代和中生代植物区系的发展为广东现代植物区系的形成奠定了基础。从第三纪开始,广东植物区系成分变得更加复杂多样,被子植物大量发展,取代了裸子植物占据统治地位。到了晚第三纪广东植物区系逐渐接近于现代。     

中国湖泊温度变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

利用2000~2015年MODIS温度产品数据MOD11A1,以中国不同自然地理单元且面积大于250km²的9大湖泊（呼伦湖、兴凯湖、洪泽湖、太湖、抚仙湖、纳木错、色林错、青海湖、博斯腾湖）为研究对象,利用小波变换的方法对湖泊温度的季节与年际变化特征以及对气候变化的响应进行了研究.结果表明：9大湖泊温度季节变化特征明显;湖泊温度的年温差从北向南随纬度变小而逐渐减小.在2000~2015年,湖泊温度的年际变化趋势均表现为先上升后下降.抚仙湖、色林错和博斯腾湖湖温年际变化的拐点均为2009年,其余6个湖泊年际变化的拐点均为2010年.根据再分析资料得到的湖泊气温均在2011~2015年呈下降趋势.所有湖泊水温对湖泊气温的响应程度强,湖温和气温的变化趋势基本一致.在气候变暖的背景下,各个湖泊结冰期出现了不同的响应特征.在2000~2015年,色林错结冰开始日期延后趋势最明显,而纳木错结冰开始日期提前趋势明显;呼伦湖融冰日期提前趋势最明显,而纳木错融冰日期呈延后趋势明显;呼伦湖和青海湖的结冰期缩短,纳木错和色林错的结冰期延长,而兴凯湖和博斯腾湖结冰期变化趋势不显著.     

小江流域第四纪泥石流期的初步划分

本文就１０Ｅ１级３０００Ｖ ＤＣ电力机车的润滑和齿轮磨损进行了探讨，并对探查润滑故障和齿轮磨损可能的引发原因作了归类。为了理解摩擦学理论，文中的第一部分是作者作的文献研究，第二部分论述的是对有问题范围所进行的探查。作者在文中还试图钭这两部分有机地联系起来。     

全面掌握污染源情况 做好新时期环保工作

全国污染源普查是重大的国情调查,是全面掌握我国环境状况的重要手段。开展污染源普查是为了了解各类企事业单位与环境有关的基本信息,建立健全各类重点污染源档案和各级污染源信息数据库,为制定经济社会政策提供依据。     

前期晴天时间对城市降雨径流污染水质的影响

识别影响城市降雨径流污染的主要因子是城市降雨径流污染治理和管理的前提和基础.为此,从2006年5月开始,选择镇江具有代表性的土地使用类型监测城市地表径流水质,分析前期晴天时间对城市地表降雨径污染物的影响.结果表明,随着前期晴天时间的增加,径流中粒径<40 μm的颗粒物粒径体积分数增加;径流中主要水质参数(TN、TP、Zn、Pb、Cu、TSS和COD)与前期晴天时间呈显著正相关,初期地表径流中溶解态污染物增加,说明前期晴天时间是影响城市径流污染浓度和形态的主要因子,从而为城市降雨径流污染的控制和治理提供科学依据.     

社会转型期做好环境信访工作的对策和建议

通过社会转型期环境信访现状和种类,以及产生的原因分析,探索了解决环境信访问题的对策、思路和方法。     

推行资源税改革正逢其时

当前,中国资源税率过低,税收范围狭窄,难以有效调节资源级差收入,导致市场价格的扭曲,资源税改革势在必行。资源税改革涉及多方博弈,因为资源从“无价”到“有价”,从近乎免费使用到有偿使用,这一变动过程将牵动资源环境与社会经济所构成的复杂巨系统调整。为了资源税改革能够选择切实可行的方案,达到预期的目标,我们需要对资源税改革面临的问题以及当前的改革机遇进行系统的分析。中国经济在持续了5年的“繁荣期”之后进入“调整期”,将有助于减少资源税改革推进中的诸多障碍。     

Relationship between near-surface morphological traits of familiar plants and their ability for sediment retention in a dry-hot valley北大核心CSCD

To explore the sediment interception capacity of plants and its relationship with the surface morphological traits of plants, we used laboratory simulations and off-site flume experiments to study the ability for sediment retention of six familiar species: Leucaena leucocephala (LL), Melia azedarach (MA), Dodonaea viscosa (DV), Coriaria sinica (CS), Heteropogon contortus (HC), and Eulaliopsis binata (EB) aver two growth periods in the dry-hot river valley of the Jinsha River. We analyzed the relationship between near-surface morphological traits of individuals of six species and their ability for sediment retention. Our study resulted in three main observations. (1) In the flume experiment, three-month seedlings and one-year old seedlings of the six species showed different abilities for sediment retention. In the three-month seedlings, the ability for sediment retention of CS was the highest, followed by MA and LL, whereas it was the lowest in HC and EB. However, in one-year old seedlings, the ability for sediment retention of CS was the highest, but the ability for sediment retention of HC and EB was better than those of MA and LL. Hence, the ability for sediment retention of the six species fluctuated between different growth periods. (2) The three-month old and one-year old seedlings of all six species showed different near-surface morphological traits. (3) The sediment mass was significantly and positively correlated with near-surface leaf areas, crown lengths, crown widths, stem dry matter densities at the intersection volume, and above-ground biomass, but significantly and negatively correlated with the angle between stem and ground, indicating that these latter are the main near-surface morphological traits able to affect sediment retention. In addition, the sediment mass was also correlated (positively and negatively) with the stem epidermal crack number, stem dry matter content, leaf dry matter content at the intersection volume, and dry mass per unit volume of the intersection volume, which could also reflect the ability of sediment retention. We conclude that in the areas where plant measures are used to control soil erosion and intercept sediment, the key, above-mentioned plant morphological factors should be taken into account in order to select the optimal plant species. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Water budget and the consequent duration of canopy carbon gain in a teak plantation in a dry tropical region: Analysis using a soil–plant–air continuum multilayer model

A soil–plant–air continuum multilayer model was used to numerically simulate canopy net assimilation (A_n), evapotranspiration (ET), and soil moisture in a deciduous teak plantation in a dry tropical climate of northern Thailand to examine the influence of soil drought on A_n. The timings of leaf flush and the end of the canopy duration period (CDP) were also investigated from the perspective of the temporal positive carbon gain. Two numerical experiments with different seasonal patterns of leaf area index (LAI) were carried out using above-canopy hydrometeorological data as input data. The first experiment involved seasonally varying LAI estimated based on time-series of radiative transmittance through the canopy, and the second experiment applied an annually constant LAI. The first simulation captured the measured seasonal changes in soil surface moisture; the simulated transpiration agreed with seasonal changes in heat pulse velocity, corresponding to the water use of individual trees, and the simulated A_n became slightly negative. However, in the second simulation, A_n became negative in the dry season because the decline in stomatal conductance due to severe soil drought limited the assimilation, and the simultaneous increase in leaf temperature increased dark respiration. Thus, these experiments revealed that the leaflessness in the dry season is reasonable for carbon gain and emphasized the unfavorable soil water status for carbon gain in the dry season. Examining the duration of positive A_n (DPA) in the second simulation showed that the start of the longest DPA (LDPA) in a year approached the timing of leaf flush in the teak plantation after the spring equinox. On the other hand, the end appeared earlier than that of all CDPs. This result is consistent with the sap flow stopping earlier than the complete leaf fall, implying that the carbon assimilation period ends before the completion of defoliation. The model sensitivity analysis in the second simulation suggests that a smaller LAI and slower maximum rate of carboxylation likely extend the LDPA because soil water from the surface to rooting depth is maintained longer at levels adequate for carbon gain by decreased canopy transpiration. The experiments also suggest that lower soil hydraulic conductivity and deeper rooting depth can postpone the end of the LDPA by increasing soil water retention and the soil water capacity, respectively.     

SBR法处理合成洗涤剂废水的研究

在本文中,作者通过对ＳＢＲ工艺以及合成洗涤剂工业废水水质的介绍,经过一系列的实例,得到了使用ＳＢＲ法对合成洗涤剂工业废水进行处理的各种参数,如进水时间,如进水时间、曝气时间、搅拌时间、静沉时间、排水时间、进水水比例、实验流流程顺序等。