一种新的阴离子表面活性剂电极的研制及应用

研制出一种新的阴离子表面活性电极,电极膜最佳组成：ＴＨＤＡ－ＤＢＳ５ｍｇ,ＤＢＰ０４ｍｌ,ＮＢ０．３ｍｌ,ＰＶＣ粉０．２ｇ,电极线性范围１×１０＾－３－８．１×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,级差５８ｍＶ／ｄｅｃ,对ＤＢＳ和ＳＤＳ检测分别为５．６×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ和７．４×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

乙草胺和丁草胺在土壤中的移动性

利用土壤薄层层析法研究乙草胺和丁草胺在土壤中的移动性以灌溉河水为展开剂,得到乙草胺和丁草胺在北京海淀壤土中的相对移动值Rf的平均值分别为0.121和0.031,在河北白洋淀砂壤土中的相对移动值R_f的平均值分别为0.147和0.032.采用不同的土壤试验,乙草胺的移动性存在一定的差异.说明乙草胺在土壤中的移动性与土壤的性质有关,特别是土壤有机质含量,土壤吸附性能越强,越不易移动.乙草胺属于移动性弱的农药品种,移动等级为Ⅱ级,丁草胺属于移动性很弱的农药品种,移动等级为I级乙草胺和丁草胺虽然同属于酰胺类除草剂,但是,由于它们的水溶解度的差异,它们在土壤中的移动性有较大的差别.以30mg·L^-1的阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠水溶液(DDBS)和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)为展开剂,乙草胺在北京海淀壤土中的R_f的平均值分别为0.159和0.098.阴离子表面活性剂能够促进农药在土壤中的迁移,阳离子表面活性剂能够促进农药在土壤中的吸附,从而阻止农药在土壤中的迁移.     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols from coking wastewater by simultaneously synthesized organobentonite in a one-step process

The optimal condition for a one-step process removing organic compounds from coking wastewater by simultaneously synthesized organobentonite as a pretreatment was investigated. Results showed that sorption of organic compounds by organobentonite was positively correlated to the cation surfactant exchange on the bentonite and the octanol-water partition coefficient (K_ow) of the solutes. With 0.75 g/L bentonite and 180 mg/L (60% of bentonite cation exchange capacity) cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, the removal efficiencies of the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency in coking wastewater except naphthalene were more than 90%, and that of benzo(a)pyrene was 99.5%. At the same time, the removal efficiencies of COD_Cr, NH₃-N, volatile phenols, colour and turbidity were 28.6%, 13.2%, 8.9%, 55% and 84.3%, respectively, and the ratio of BOD₅/COD_Cr increased from 0.31 to 0.41. These results indicated that the one-step process had high removal efficiency for toxic and refractory hydrophobic organic compounds, and could improve the biodegradability of the coking wastewater. Therefore it could be a promising technology for the pretreatment of toxic and refractory organic wastewater.     

游离羟基及表面活性剂对乙草胺光解的影响

以高压汞灯为光源,以p-亚硝基-N,N-二甲基苯胺(PNDA)作为·OH自由基的探针,研究了H2O2及表面活性剂0206-B(苯乙烯苯酚聚氧乙烯醚和十二烷基苯磺酸钙混剂)对除草剂乙草胺在水中间接光解作用的影响.结果表明,H2O2对水中乙草胺具有光敏化降解作用,其敏化作用效应与·OH有关;而0206-B对乙草胺具有光猝灭降解作用,光猝灭降解作用效应与0206-B减少水溶液中的·OH自由基含量有关.乙草胺直接光解与H2O2作用的乙草胺间接光解相同的产物有Rf(比移值)为0.12、0.52、0.61、0.72的化合物;H2O2敏化降解抑制了乙草胺直接光解产物Rf为0.04、0.10、0.18、0.21、0.79的化合物产生,但促进乙草胺间接光解Rf为0.45、0.66的新光解产物生成.     

双阳离子有机膨润土吸附处理水中有机物的性能

分别用长碳链季铵盐（ 如溴化十二烷基三甲铵、溴化十四烷基苄基二甲铵、溴化十六烷基三甲铵、溴化十八烷基三甲铵） 和短碳链季铵盐（ 如溴化四甲基铵） 按一定配比混合改性膨润土,制得一系列双阳离子有机膨润土．研究了双阳离子有机膨润土吸附水中对硝基苯酚、苯酚、苯胺的适宜条件、性能、作用机理．结果表明,双阳离子有机膨润土的层间距、有机碳含量和对有机物的吸附性能与改性时长、短碳链季铵盐的组成及配比有关,水中有机物的去除效果还与其本身的性质有关;所用的双阳离子有机膨润土对有机物的吸附符合 Freundlich或 Langmuir等温式,是表面吸附作用和分配作用共同作用的结果．     

Effects of exogenous Ca2+ on the membrane permeability, MDA and SH group content of Alexandrium sp. LC3 under surfactant stress

The effect of Ca^2 on the removal of Alexandrium sp. LC3 under HDTMAB stress was investigated. The results showed that thetoxic effect of HDTMAB on Alexandrium sp. LC3 was significantly reduced in the presence of Ca^2 , especially under 4 mmol/L of Ca^2 .To understand the underlying mechanism, the SH group and MDA content of the cell membrane and membrane permeability weremeasured. It was found that the SH content of cell member increased, the MDA content and membrane permeability decreased whenAlexandrium sp. was treated with Ca^2 and HDTMAB complex, compared with using HDTMAB only. The data suggested that Ca^2 mightpromote HDTMAB stress resistance of Alexandrium sp. LC3 by reducing the permeability and increasing the stability of cell membrane.     

Influence of nonionic surfactant on the solubilization and biodegradation of phenanthrene

Phenanthrene was solubilized in two different nonionic surfactants, Tween80 and Triton X-100. The bioavailability of phenanthrane to the bacteria isolated from the petroleum contaminated soils was studied based on the rotary flasks experiments. The results showed that the concentration of nonionic surfactants above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) can increase the solubility of phenanthrene in water andwere innoxious to the phenanthrene-degrading bacteria; phenanthrene solubilized in the micelles of Tween80 was bioavailable and biodegradable. The research demonstrated the potential of surfactant-enhanced bioremediation of soils contaminated by hydrophobic organic comoounds( HOCs).     

复配表面活性剂APG/SDBS对菲、芘的增溶特性

研究了烷基糖苷(Alkyl Polyglycoside,APG)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate,SDBS)混合体系的不同复配比α(α=C_(SDBS)/C_总)、pH和温度(T)对菲和芘的溶解行为的影响.结果表明,当α=0.4时,复配体系具有最小的表面张力(γ)和临界胶束浓度(Critical Micelle Concentration,CMC),且菲、芘的表观溶解度(Sw)、增溶倍数(Sw/S*,S*为菲或芘在纯水中的溶解度)和摩尔增溶比(Molar Solubilization Ratio,MSR)均达到最大值.菲、芘的Sw随pH增加先增加后缓慢降低,pH=9时达到最大.随温度的升高,菲、芘的Sw逐渐增加,当T≥40℃时,增加变缓;因此,该复配体系的最佳反应条件为α=0.4、T=40℃、pH=9.本研究可为多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的淋洗修复提供科学依据.     

表面活性剂强化原位空气扰动修复实验研究——影响区域及气流分布变化规律

应用一种改进的二维气流可视化装置来研究影响区域（ZOI）内不同介质（粗砂和砾石）和表面活性剂（SDBS）的添加对影响区域以及气流分布规律的影响.结果表明：相同曝气流量下,同种介质中表面活性剂的投加会增大曝气压力.表面活性剂的添加极大地提高了空气饱和度,但在不同介质中作用机理不同.当曝气流量为1000 L/h时,表面活性剂的添加使得粗砂介质（孔道流）和砾石介质（鼓泡流）ZOI的面积分别增大了21.8%和5.2%.这说明在一定粒径范围内,介质粒径越细,表面活性剂的添加对ZOI面积的增加越明显.相同曝气流量下,表面活性剂的添加使粗砂介质中气流分布范围变大且气流分布曲线相对平缓,而砾石介质中气流分布范围不变且气流分布曲线相对陡峭;不同曝气流量下ZOI内气流分布表现出明显的相似性.     

生物表面活性剂改性对纳米铁/炭去除地下水中NO3--N的影响

纳米铁由于其反应活性强、来源广泛等优点被广泛应用在去除地下水NO-3-N污染中.利用生物表面活性剂对纳米铁进行改性可以避免采用化学表面活性剂改性对环境造成的二次污染.本研究采用鼠李糖脂、茶皂素、无患子3种生物表面活性剂对纳米铁进行改性后附着在活性炭上构成改性纳米铁/炭复合材料,通过批试验、沉降试验、迁移试验等研究生物表面活性剂对纳米铁/炭复合材料的改性作用.结果表明:鼠李糖脂、茶皂素、无患子对纳米铁/炭改性后去除NO-3-N效果最佳时的投加量分别为0.7%、1.0%、0.7%,此时对比三者改性作用,鼠李糖脂改性纳米铁/炭去除NO-3-N效果最佳,无患子改性纳米铁/炭迁移效果最佳;鼠李糖脂投加量在0.1%到1.3%范围内时,改性纳米铁/炭迁移能力随投加量的增加而增大.