东风水库九溪河流域面源污染及其防治

由于农药化肥施用量大、水土流失加重，农村生活水污染等原因，九溪河水质呈恶化趋势进而影响东风水库。应采取行政手段与科技措施、治标与治本、短期与长期、重点与综合相结合的办法，控制污染，改善水质。     

我国沿海城市的生态危机与调控机制 --以长江三角洲城市群为例

本文以长江三角洲城市群为例。研究了我国沿海城市的生态危机、剖析了生态危机的根源并提出了调控机制。由于沿海城市的生态问题存在着较大的共性。本文提出的措施对其他沿海城市解决生态危机也有一定借鉴作用。     

Land use issues in biomass energy planning

Land availability is a key consideration for evaluating the potential of biomass energy. This depends not only on how much land is physically suitable for growing the biomass crop, but also on the environmental implications of an energy farm and the extent to which land can be freed from competing uses. Energy planning should include inventories to realistically assess the amount of land potentially available for biomass production and the trade-offs involved in using such land for biomass farms.     

Resource Potentials and Limitations of A Nicaraguan Agricultural Region

Food production has to be increased in a sustainable way to meet the future global demand. A key position is attributed to developing countries. A deepened understanding of their agricultural regions with specific resource endowments and constraints is therefore crucial. In this study we propose a methodology based on material flux analysis (MFA) to assess the resource potentials and limitations of a Nicaraguan agricultural region. We focus on current regional and farm resource management and explore them under two scenarios. Indicators are nitrogen and the degrees of self-sufficiency (DSS) for energy, and the staples maize and beans. As data is scarce, most information is based on interviews with farmers of four categories and key persons, and on literature. The results show that nitrogen management does not differ considerably among categories. Nitrogen is mined mostly from staple plots. Self-sufficiency for beans is given in an average year. Yet, landless and small farmers neither produce enough maize for autoconsumption, nor are they self-sufficient for firewood. Energy supply is also the core problem of the region, since the DSS is 70%. Soil nitrogen stocks last at most for three more generations. Analyses with the scenario technique show that: (a) Unlimited population growth has serious consequences in the near future e.g. severe shortage of energy and food. (b) Alternative farming systems are possible, but they require reducing the population by a factor 2, and thus the creation of jobs in a Hinterland. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

上海高密度居民区合流制系统雨天溢流水质研究

城市面源污染已成为上海城区河道的主要污染源.为此,研究了上海市合流制排水区域SA雨天溢流的水质特性,并探讨了溢流水质的主要影响因素.结果表明,该区域雨天溢流COD、BOD、SS、NH₃-N、TN、TP事件平均浓度的均值分别为614mg/L、208.5 mg/L、684 mg/L、17.6 mg/L、29.8 mg/L、3.0 mg/L,远高于国外的一些研究结果;分析事件平均浓度的对数正态概率分布表明,BOD的对数正态分布性最好;此外,研究还发现COD和SS溢流浓度和前期晴天数与降雨历时的比值呈现出较高的正相关性.     

Anthropogenic nitrogen sources and exports in a village-scale catchment in Southeast China

An experimental village-scale catchment was selected for investigation of nitrogen (N) sources and exports. The mean N application rate over the catchment was 350.2 kg N ha⁻¹, but this rate varied spatially and temporally. The N leaching loss rate varied from 8.1 to 52.7 kg N ha⁻¹ under different land use regimes. The average N leaching loss rate was 13.4 kg N ha⁻¹ over the whole catchment, representing about 3.8% of the total N inputs. The N export rate through stormflows was 28.8 kg N ha⁻¹, about 8.2% of the total N inputs. Seasonal patterns showed that 95% of N exports through stormflows occurred during July to September in 2002. Overall, the maximum riverine N exports were 12.1% of total N inputs and 15.5% of the inorganic fertilizer N applied. Understanding N sources and exports in a village-scale catchment can provide a knowledge base for amelioration of diffuse agricultural pollution.     

Effect of natural organic matter on arsenic release from soils and sediments into groundwater

Arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater has received significant attention recently. Natural and anthropogenic sources contribute to the worldwide occurrence of As contamination. As speciation is an important factor related to its toxic and mobile behavior. The release of As from soils and sediments into groundwater is governed by several geophysicochemical processes, of which, As sorption behavior is of principle significance. This review paper summarizes existing information regarding the effects of natural organic matter (NOM) on the fate and mobility of As species in the environment. NOM may enhance the release of As from soils and sediments into the soil solution, thereby facilitating As leaching into the groundwater. The main influencing mechanisms include competition for available adsorption sites, formation of aqueous complexes, and/or changes in the redox potential of site surfaces and As redox speciation. NOM may also serve as binding agents, thereby reducing As mobility. However, comparably little research has been performed on this aspect. Since most investigations have been done on purified minerals under laboratory conditions, further research involving various geological materials under natural environmental conditions is required. Development of proper geochemical conceptual models may provide means of predicting the role of NOM in arsenic leaching and/or immobilization.     

Formation and growth of indoor air aerosol particles as a result of d-limonene oxidation

Oxidation of d-limonene, which is a common monoterpene, can lead to new aerosol particle formation in indoor environments. Thus, products containing d-limonene, such as citrus fruits, air refresheners, household cleaning agents, and waxes, can act as indoor air aerosol particle sources. We released d-limonene into the room air by peeling oranges and measured the concentration of aerosol particles of three different size ranges. In addition, we measured the concentration of d-limonene, the oxidant, and the concentration of ozone, the oxidizing gas. Based on the measurements we calculated the growth rate of the small aerosol particles, which were 3–10 nm in diameter, to be about , and the losses of the aerosol particles that were due to the coagulation and condensation processes. From these, we further approximated the concentration of the condensable vapour and its source rate and then calculated the formation rate of the small aerosol particles. For the final result, we calculated the nucleation rate and the maximum number of molecules in a critical cluster. The nucleation rate was in the order of and the number of molecules in a critical-sized cluster became 1.2. The results were in agreement with the activation theory.     

基于随机森林算法与农户视角的村落级农业面源污染风险分析

当前农业面源污染问题依然严峻,村落级尺度下各地块的污染风险状态精细识别有待进一步研究.本文针对三峡库区典型村落重庆市涪陵区南沱镇睦和村进行研究,结合无人机多光谱技术、农户行为调研、随机森林算法等进行地物识别及泛地块网格划分,通过测算总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、总磷(total phosphorus,TP...     

外源性污染对太湖梅梁湾水质影响的定量化

通过太湖的水量水质数学模型,模拟了梅梁湾内主要的入湖污染源———直湖港、武进港和梁溪河排入的污染物质的迁移、转化规律;分析了梅梁湾中梅园、小湾里、闾江口、拖山4个监测点水质浓度受直湖港、武进港和梁溪河排污影响程度的大小;并分别建立了监测点污染物浓度与排污口排污量的响应关系曲线和响应关系表达式。通过这些结论可以方便的定量的计算出在排污口排污量发生变化的情况下监测点水质浓度的变化量,为合理控制外源污染物质的入湖量提供了技术支持。