GIS支持下的秦岭植被景观梯度分析

秦岭植被景观类型丰富,具有过渡性和复杂性特点,植被垂直分带明显. 在分析了大尺度秦岭植被景观空间水平分布格局的基础上,利用基于GIS梯度分析方法,分析秦岭的植被与海拔梯度的关系,得到秦岭不同植被景观类型的斑块数、分布范围、植被分布的海拨高度平均值和标准差,并以太白山为例,对太白山植物种进行了梯度分析. 结果表明,随着海拔高度的增加,太白山依次出现7种植被景观类型:温带草丛→温带落叶灌丛→温带落叶阔叶林→亚热带针叶林→亚热带和热带山地针叶林→草甸→高寒草甸等植被类型,植物种亦发生相应的变化.      

乌鞘岭南、北坡降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源对比

为了揭示季风边缘区降水中稳定同位素特征及水汽来源,利用2016年10月至2017年10月采集的97个降水样品,采用相关分析和HYSPLIT模型,对乌鞘岭南、北坡降水稳定同位素的特征、大气水线方程、温度和降水量效应、水汽来源进行了对比分析.结果表明,南坡大气降水线的斜率与截距低于全球大气水线(GMWL)和北坡大气降水线;南、北坡的同位素温度效应和季节效应明显,但北坡的温度效应比南坡更为明显;除北坡夏季和南坡降水量小于5 mm时降水稳定同位素表现出微弱的降水量效应,南、北坡其它季节或其它降水量级均无明显的降水量效应;来自西北和北方的水汽占90%以上,北坡受季风水汽影响极少,南坡夏季会受到东南季风影响,局地水汽再循环对乌鞘岭南、北坡水汽也有贡献.本研究可提高对高寒山区降水同位素演化的认知,为寒旱区同位素水文学的进一步研究奠定基础.     

底泥厌氧环境和光照对菹草萌发和幼苗生理的影响

通过向底泥中投加不同量的蔗糖使其发生厌氧反应以模拟不同程度的底泥厌氧环境，研究这种环境和光照强度对菹草石芽萌发和幼苗生理作用的影响。实验结果表明，底泥厌氧环境能显著降低菹草石芽的最终萌发率，且低光照会加剧这种趋势；尽管低光照不一定会提高最终的萌发率，但对提早石芽的萌发是有利的。在01%蔗糖投加处理中，幼苗的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量最高(平均为250和1928 mg/g FW)，其后随投加量的升高而降低，而游离氨基酸的含量却一直呈上升趋势，最高时达到024 mg/g FW ，但低光照却使它下降；可溶性糖含量基本不受底泥厌氧水平的影响，但随着光照减少而降低。随着厌氧水平的增加（从对照到05%蔗糖投加量），菹草的超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈现上升趋势，但在10%蔗糖投加处理中活性降至最低；而过氧化物酶(POD)活性一直处于下降趋势。研究结论是：底泥厌氧对菹草石芽萌发影响显著，这种影响可能比低光照的限制作用还要重要。轻度的厌氧环境反而能促进菹草幼苗的生理代谢，但随厌氧水平的升高对碳氮平衡和其它生理活动产生不利影响。此外，底泥厌氧环境对菹草幼苗的抗氧化系统也有明显刺激作用。     

Heavy Metals in Organs and Tissues of the European Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus): Dependence on Living Conditions

The distribution of Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, and Ni in the organs and tissues (kidneys, liver, lungs, brain, heart, muscles, and feathers) of the European black vulture (Aegypius monachus) was studied. It was shown that heavy metals were not responsible for the mass mortality of these birds in southern Primorye in the winter of 2001–2002. The level of pollution with heavy metals of the range of European black vultures wintering in this region (northern China and western Mongolia) may be regarded as insignificant.     

保护北疆铁路,建设良好的生态环境,促进博州经济发展

保护和改善生态环境,是确保北疆铁路畅通无阻与发展博尔塔拉州国民经济的重要环节,就此,本文根据资料进行了讨论并提出了相应措施。     

Diagenesis of Upper Carboniferous rocks in the Ouachita foreland shelf in mid-continent USA: an overview of widespread effects of a Variscan-equivalent orogeny

Diagenesis of Upper Carboniferous foreland shelf rocks in southeastern Kansas took place at temperatures as high as 100–150° C at a depth of less than 2 km. High temperatures are the result of the long distance (hundreds of kilometers) advection of groundwater related to collisional orogeny in the Ouachita tectonic belt to the south. Orogenic activity in the Ouachita area was broadly Late Carboniferous, equivalent to the Variscan activity of Europe. Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits and oil and gas fields in the US midcontinent and elsewhere are commonly attributed to regional groundwater flow resulting from such collisional events. This paper describes the diagenesis and thermal effects in sandstone and limestone of Upper Carboniferous siliciclastic and limestone-shale cyclothems, the purported confining layer of a supposed regional aquifer. Diagenesis took place in early, intermediate, and late stages. Many intermediate and late stage events in the sandstones have equivalents in the limestones, suggesting that the causes were regional. The sandstone paragenesis includes siderite cement (early stage), quartz overgrowths (intermediate stage), dissolution of feldspar and carbonates, followed by minor Fe calcite, pore-filling kaolinite and sub-poikilotopic Ca ankerite (late stage). The limestone paragenesis includes calcite cement (early stage); megaquartz, chalcedony, and Fe calcite spar (intermediate stage); and dissolution, Ca-Fe dolomite and kaolinite (late stage). The R _m value of vitrinite shows a regional average of 0.6–0.7%; Rock-Eval T _maX suggests a comparable degree of organic maturity. The T _h of aqueous fluid inclusions in late stage Ca-Fe-Mg carbonates ranges from 90 to 160° and T _mice indicates very saline water (>200000 ppm NaCl equivalent); ¹⁸O suggests that the water is of basinal origin. Local warm spots have higher R _m, T _max, and T _h. The results constrain numerical models of regional fluid migration, which is widely viewed as an artesian flow from recharge areas in the Ouachita belt across the foreland basin onto the foreland shelf area. Such models must account for heating effects that extend at least 500 km from the orogenic front and affect both supposed aquifer beds and the overlying supposed confining layer. Warm spots indicate either more rapid or more prolonged flow locally. T _h and T _mice data show the highest temperatures coincided with high salinity fluids.     

苏北闵桥地区含油玄武岩中皂石的矿物学特征

作为储油层的沉积岩中蒙皂石矿物学特征报道较多，而作为储油层的火山岩中蒙皂石矿物学特征报道则较少。本文较详细地阐述了苏北闵桥地区含油玄武岩中主要蚀变矿物－皂石的形态、成分及X射线衍射、差热、红外特征，总结了鲍休皂石的形态特征，并对皂石的分布和成因作了探讨。认为加强皂石在油气地质，尤其是火山岩作为储油层中的应用研究十分必要。     

用14C示踪技术研究摇蚊幼虫对农药的富集作用

摇蚊幼虫是淡水湖泊中分布广泛、数量极大的底栖动物。它们生活在底泥中,位移能力很小,个体又较大,被认为是水质监测和生态毒理学研究的理想生物。底栖动物能大量富集水中微量的有毒物质,这已有许多报道,而有关摇蚊幼虫富集底泥中的有毒物质的报道甚少,国内至今尚未见报道。摇蚊幼虫富集毒物与其它底栖动物比较,其生态学意义更大,因为摇蚊幼虫除了作为鱼饵通过水生食物链浓缩和转移毒物外,大量的幼虫终将羽化为成虫,一批批飞离水体,有毒物质有可能较快地被消除掉。     

Effects of salinity on activities of H+-ATPase, H+-PPase and membrane lipid composition in plasma membrane and tonoplast vesicles isolated from soybean (Glycine max L.) seedlings

The effects of NaCI stress on the H^＋-ATPase, H^＋-PPase activity and lipid composition of plasma membrane(PM) and tonoplast(TP) vesicles isolated from roots and leaves of two soybean cultivars( Glycine max L. ) differing in salt tolerance(Wenfeng^7,salt-tolerant; Union, salt-sensitive) were investigated. When Wenfeng^7 was treated with 0.3% (W/V) NaCI for 3 d, the H^＋ -ATP aseactivities in PM and TP from roots and leaves exhibited a reduction and an enhancement, respectively. The H^＋ -PPase activity in TP from roots also increased. Similar effects were not observed in roots of Union. In addition, the increases of phospholipid content and ratios of phospholipid to galactolipid in PM and TP from roots and leaves of Wenfeng^7 may also change membrane permeability and hence affect salt tolerance.     

Eight years of annual no-till cropping in Washington's winter wheat-summer fallow region

The tillage-based winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer fallow (WW-SF) cropping system has dominated dryland farming in the Pacific Northwest USA for 125 years. We conducted a large-scale multidisciplinary 8-year study of annual (i.e., no summer fallow) no-till cropping systems as an alternative to WW-SF. Soft white and hard white classes of winter and spring wheat, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), yellow mustard (Brassica hirta Moench), and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) were grown in various rotation combinations. Annual precipitation was less than the long-term average of 301 mm in 7 out of 8 years. Rhizoctonia bare patch disease caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 appeared in year 3 and continued through year 8 in all no-till plots. All crops were susceptible to rhizoctonia, but bare patch area in wheat was reduced, and grain yield increased, when wheat was grown in rotation with barley every other year. Remnant downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) weed seeds remained dormant for 6 years and longer to heavily infest recrop winter wheat. There were few quantifiable changes in soil quality due to crop rotation, but soil organic carbon (SOC) increased in the surface 0–5 cm depth with no-till during the 8 years to approach that found in undisturbed native soil. Annual no-till crop rotations experienced lower average profitability and greater income variability compared to WW-SF. Yellow mustard and safflower were not economically viable. Continuous annual cropping using no-till provides excellent protection against wind erosion and shows potential to increase soil quality, but the practice involves high economic risk compared to WW-SF. This paper provides the first comprehensive multidisciplinary report of long-term alternative annual no-till cropping systems research in the low-precipitation region of the Pacific Northwest.