珠江流域河流碳输出通量及变化特征

研究河流碳运移对于研究全球碳循环以及探讨河流对全球气候变化的响应机制具有重要意义.2012年4月和7月选取珠江主流及支流11个代表性断面,分析悬浮颗粒物和碳组分的空间分布和季节变化,同时选取博罗、石角和高要这3个主控断面,对珠江流域的碳通量和侵蚀模数进行了估算.结果表明,珠江流域悬浮颗粒物(TSS)、颗粒有机碳(POC)以及溶解有机碳(DOC)随雨季的到来而质量浓度升高,西江上游TSS和POC的质量浓度增加显著;珠江流域河流碳的4种组分中,溶解无机碳(DIC)的所占质量分数最高,且西江、北江的DIC质量浓度明显高于东江;西江、北江和东江河流中外源POC分别占78%、72%和26%,三大支流的POC均受上游C3植物的影响;珠江流域的TSS、总碳(TC)、POC、颗粒无机碳(PIC)、DOC、DIC、以及颗粒碳(TPC)、总有机碳(TOC)的入海通量分别为134×1012、12.69×1012、2.50×1012、1.01×1012、1.13×1012、8.05×1012、3.51×1012和3.65×1012g·a-1,对应的侵蚀模数分别为:309×106、28.98×106、5.75×106、2.27×106、2.56×106、18.4×106、8.02×106和8.31×106g·(km2.a)-1.与全球主要河流碳侵蚀模数相比,珠江流域河流DOC、POC和TOC的侵蚀模数均高于全球平均值.     

试论ISO11014-1应增设有关理化参数

提出了在执行国际标准ＩＳＯ１１０１４－ １ 即化学品安全技术说明书的数据模式中应增设可燃液体的燃烧速率、比热和蒸发潜热等理化参数,并阐述了增设的必要性、作用、对策及建议。     

废催化剂浸出规律的静态实验方法

利用静态浸出实验方法对废催化剂中重金属在不同固水比和浸出次数条件下的浸出规律进行了系统研究。实验发现浸出次数大于３次后,重金属的浸出浓度和浸出速率趋于稳定,同时固水比的增加也没有明显改变废催化剂中重金属的浸出。认为在浸取次数大于３次以后,随着表面溶质的溶解,浸出过程主要为内扩散所控制。     

有机污染物在水体表面微层的富集行为

研究邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（ＤＢＰ）,邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯（ＤＥＨＰ）和阴离子表面活性剂在水体表面微层的富集行为．现场分析结果表明邻苯二甲酸酯在小型封闭湖泊表面微层中存在富集现象,富集倍数在１～１１之间,湖水的理化性质及采样方式均影响富集倍数的大小．室内微宇宙研究表明ＤＢＰ和ＤＥＨＰ在微宇宙水体表面微层中均存在富集现象,富集倍数分别为２．８１和１．９８,藻类、颗粒物和腐殖酸也同时在微宇宙水体表面微层中富集．当水体中加入表面活性物质和腐殖酸时,邻苯二甲酸酯（ＤＢＰ、ＤＥＨＰ）在表面微层的富集倍数随加入的２种物质浓度的增大而降低．对阴离子表面活性剂的富集动力学研究表明,当表面微层遭到破坏后,其在表面微层达富集平衡需较长时间,水体浓度也影响富集倍数     

Pharmacophagous acquisition of clerodendrins by the turnip sawfly (Athalia rosae ruficornis) and their role in the mating behavior

Summary. Adults of the turnip sawfly, Athalia rosae ruficornis (Tenthredinidae: Hymenoptera), frequently visit a plant, Clerodendron trichotomum (Verbenaceae), and feed pharmacophagously on the glandular trichomes on the leaf surface. A series of neo-clerodane diterpenoids (e.g. clerodendrins B and D) contained in glandular organs on the leaf surface stimulate feeding of the sawflies (both males and females). The adults fed selectively on the trichomes were found to sequester a series of the bitter-tasting diterpenes (clerodendrin D, ajugachin A, athaliadiol) in the body tissues, which suggested their primary role as defense substances against predators. Females fed on Clerodendron leaves or on clerodendrin B or D were more successful in mating than unfed females. Thus, females seem to obtain an advantage in mating success through the acquisition of the defensive principles from the Clerodendron plant. Received 20 April 1999; accepted 29 June 1999     

非饱和土壤轻油污染多相流研究进展

轻油泄漏到地下后 ,在非饱和土壤中水、气、油三相相互作用、相互影响 ,共同构成多相流体系统。在简要分析轻油污染问题的产生、危害以及轻油泄漏在地表以下运移方式的基础上 ,介绍并总结了近些年来国内外土壤轻油污染有关的多相流研究方面的进展 ,包括国外的模型研究成果、国内外试验研究方法和研究成果 ,并指出目前研究中存在的问题和需要进一步探讨的方向     

农村水塘系统对非点源水污染的调控作用研究

以辽阳市沙岭镇大闯屯村为例,对北方平原地区农村水塘系统污染现状、非点源污染物的迁移途径、控制方法进行了初步研究,研究结果表明,农田径流与村落生活污水的排放方式对农村地表水环境质量具有重要影响,进行合理的生态设计,充分利用自然净化单元,对改善地表水环境质量将会起到积极的作用。     

Animal agency in wildlife conservation and management

Wildlife conservation and management (WCM) practices have been historically drawn from a wide variety of academic fields, yet practitioners have been slow to engage with emerging conversations about animals as complex beings, whose individuality and sociality influence their relationships with humans. We propose an explicit acknowledgement of wild, nonhuman animals as active participants in WCM. We examined 190 studies of WCM interventions and outcomes to highlight 3 common assumptions that underpin many present approaches to WCM: animal behaviors are rigid and homogeneous; wildlife exhibit idealized wild behavior and prefer pristine habitats; and human–wildlife relationships are of marginal or secondary importance relative to nonhuman interactions. We found that these management interventions insufficiently considered animal learning, decision-making, individuality, sociality, and relationships with humans and led to unanticipated detrimental outcomes. To address these shortcomings, we synthesized theoretical advances in animal behavioral sciences, animal geographies, and animal legal theory that may help conservation professionals reconceptualize animals and their relationships with humans. Based on advances in these fields, we constructed the concept of animal agency, which we define as the ability of animals to actively influence conservation and management outcomes through their adaptive, context-specific, and complex behaviors that are predicated on their sentience, individuality, lived experiences, cognition, sociality, and cultures in ways that shape and reshape shared human–wildlife cultures, spaces, and histories. Conservation practices, such as compassionate conservation, convivial conservation, and ecological justice, incorporate facets of animal agency. Animal agency can be incorporated in conservation problem-solving by assessing the ways in which agency contributes to species’ survival and by encouraging more adaptive and collaborative decision-making among human and nonhuman stakeholders.     

鲤鱼对2,6-二硝基甲苯的生物浓缩、消除与代谢研究

 以鲤鱼为实验生物，应用流动式摄取及释放装置，进行了2，6－二硝基甲苯（2，6－DNT）的生物浓缩与释放研究。取得了2，6－DNT在鲤鱼（全鱼）、肝及肠部的生物浓缩曲线。全鱼的浓缩曲线可以稳态（平台式）曲线描述，但是肝、肠部浓缩曲线均呈峰形。肝部峰快速下降后渐趋稳态，肠部峰下降未得稳态。峰形，肝在先，肠在后。对比2，6－DNT在全鱼及肝、肠的生物浓缩曲线，并参照报道_（1，2）指出，全鱼摄取曲线上各点所表现的浓度值为各时刻鱼体内各组织摄取化学品总重对全鱼重量的比值。肝、肠部峰形曲线预示了在肝、肠内生物浓缩过程发生了生物转化作用。对全鱼的生物浓缩过程应用单区一级动力学模型，求得BCF值与消除速率常数K₁与K₂，由K₁/K₂计算得到的BCF值与实测值相符。释放较慢，释放曲线呈双曲线形，半减期为4.8h。     

化学吸收法采集固定污染源氨气的影响因素探究

固定污染源氨气的手工监测,干扰因素较多,其中采样环节尤为关键。实验通过催化氧化-化学发光法考察不同采样管线材质对氨气的吸附效果,离子色谱法考察化学吸收法采集氨气的吸收瓶类型、采样流量、吸收液种类、吸收液浓度及体积等采样条件对氨气吸收效率的影响。实验表明,316 L不锈钢与聚四氟乙烯对氨气的吸附较小,氨气的采样流量不宜超过1.0 L/min,棕色气泡式吸收瓶更适用于氨气样品的采集,磷酸溶液作吸收液对氨气的吸收效率较好,对于低浓度的氨气样品,应采用低流量长时间采集。