神经毒剂沙林的破坏机理研究

采用VAMP和密度泛函程序DMol3计算了沙林的生成热,并用VAMP-PM3/UHF半经验方法对沙林裂解的过渡态进行了优化计算,共发现9种过渡态,据此判断化学键断裂的难易顺序为P=O＞P-F＞P-O＞C-O＞P-C＞C-C＞C-H; C-H键断裂的活化能最小,可能与氢原子迁移到氧原子上有关.活化能小于相应的键解离能,计算结果能解释沙林的质谱数据.计算结果对使用低当量小型核武器破坏沙林等生化武器(核除剂)的可行性提供了能量上的参考,即试图通过计算得出有效的原位破坏沙林等生化战剂所需的最低能量,进而研究使用低当量小型核武器破坏沙林等生化武器的可行性.     

潜流湿地处理不同浓度有机污水的差异分析

通过供氧平衡及物质平衡理论分析和实证研究,探讨根系泌氧、水中自带溶解氧、植物吸收营养物在湿地净化中的贡献,并通过落空运行来启动大气复氧.结果表明,当处理Ⅳ类以下地表水时,根系泌氧和水中携氧可使基质内为好氧环境、出水DO>0;植物吸收和介质吸附可使N、P去除稳定.当处理生活污水时,植物供氧不足,基质内为缺氧/厌氧环境、铵氧化细菌和亚硝酸氧化菌数量只有氨化细菌的1/1 000～1/100,出水DO≈0,使基质易堵塞;植物吸收和介质吸附有限,氮去除率≤20%;磷去除率随介质吸附容量的饱和逐渐下降,运行前3个月去除率为54%,运行1a以后降低到5%.潜流湿地处理生活污水时污染负荷远大于植物供氧和吸收营养物的上限,是其存在技术局限的根本原因.启动大气复氧是湿地工艺改进的一个重要方向,预沉-常规湿地对COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP的去除率为79%、34%、36%、34%,预沉-落空湿地则为79%、88%、14%、69%,必须合理利用大气复氧才能实现去除总氮的最终目的.     

Phytoremediation of radiostrontium ((90)Sr) and radiocesium ((137)Cs) using giant milky weed (Calotropis gigantea R.Br.) plants

Potential of plants to remove radionuclides/toxic elements from soils and solutions can be successfully applied for removal of important radionuclides such as strontium-90 (⁹⁰Sr) and cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs). When uptake of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr by Calotropis gigantea plants incubated in distilled water spiked with the radionuclides either alone or in combination was studied, it was found to have a high efficiency for the removal of ⁹⁰Sr, with 90% being removed from solutions (5 × 10³ kBq l⁻¹) within 24 h of incubation. However, in case of ¹³⁷Cs, about 44% could be removed from solutions (5 × 10³ kBq l⁻¹) at the end of 168 h of incubation. Accumulation of ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs was higher in roots compared to shoots. The plants could remediate both ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs when they were added together to the solution. When two months old plants were incubated in low level nuclear waste, 99% of activity disappeared at the end of 15 days. The present study suggests that C. gigantea could be used as a potential candidate plant for phytoremediation of ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs.     

Scientific research, stakeholders, and policy: continuing dialogue during research on radionuclides on Amchitka Island, Alaska

It is increasingly clear that a wide range of stakeholders should be included in the problem formulation phase of research aimed at solving environmental problems; indeed the inclusion of stakeholders at this stage has been formalized as an integral part of ecological risk assessment. In this paper, we advocate the additional inclusion of stakeholders in the refinement of research methods and protocols and in the execution of the research, rather than just at the final communication and reporting phase. We use a large study of potential radionuclide levels in marine biota around Amchitka Island as a case study. Amchitka Island, in the Aleutian Island Chain of Alaska, was the site of three underground nuclear tests (1965-1971). The overall objective of the biological component of the study was to collect a range of marine biota for radionuclide analysis that could provide data for assessing current food safety and provide a baseline for developing a plan to monitor human and ecosystem health in perpetuity. Stakeholders, including regulators (State of Alaska), resource trustees (US Fish and Wildlife Service, State of Alaska), representatives of the Aleut and Pribilof Island communities, the Department of Energy (DOE), and others, were essential for plan development. While these stakeholders were included in the initial problem formulation and approved science plan, we also included them in the refinement of protocols, selection of bioindicators, selection of a reference site, choice of methods of collection, and in the execution of the study itself. Meetings with stakeholders resulted in adding (or deleting) bioindicator species and tissues, prioritizing target species, refining sampling methods, and recruiting collection personnel. Some species were added because they were important subsistence foods for the Aleuts, and others were added because they were ecological equivalents to replace species deleted because of low population numbers. Two major refinements that changed the research thrust were (1) the inclusion of Aleut hunters and fishers on the biological expedition itself to ensure that subsistence foods and methods were represented, and (2) the addition of a fisheries biologist on a NOAA research trawler to allow sampling of commercial fishes. Although the original research design called for the collection of biota by Aleut subsistence fishermen, and by a commercial fishing boat, the research was modified with continued stakeholder input to actually include Aleuts and a fisheries biologist on the expeditions to ensure their representation. The inclusion of stakeholders during the development of protocols and the research itself improved the overall quality of the investigation, while making it more relevant to the interested and affected parties. Final responsibility for the design and execution of the research and radionuclide analysis rested with the researchers, but the process of stakeholder inclusion made the research more valuable as a source of credible information and for public policy decisions.     

A mathematical model for predicting thermal hazard data

A systematic procedure and mathematical model for predicting thermal behavior is proposed. This model has been verified by experimental data. The results show that the model will predict thermal hazard behavior precisely. A procedure for predicting thermal hazard data is also developed. Some examples of predicting real behavior are simulated.     

我国建材行业环境标志制度实施及意义

随着我要环境标志制度的实施。自1994年以来我要建材行业环境标志认证有了长足发展．据我国环境标志产品认证委员会秘书处数据。我国建材行业近200家企业的550多种产品获得环境标志认证．其产品涵盖了建材行业的各个方面。其中约有40多家企业近60个建筑涂料企业的产品、50家人造板材企业80多种产品、30余家粘合剂企业等建材行业产口获得环境标志产口认证。这对我国建材行业绩构调整具有十分重要的现实意义。     

莫斯科城市固体废弃物综合利用产业化概述

作者在多次参观考察莫斯科固体废弃物综合利用公司及其综合利用系列产品，并阅读了大量技术资料的基础上，初步总结了该公司固体废物综合利用形成产业化的经验，供我国环保同行借鉴参考。     

导弹核武器核事故应急有关问题研究

对导弹核武器核事故应急的主要任务、特点、组织指挥以及力量运用等问题进行了探讨 ,导弹核武器核事故的应急问题是一项涉及体制、人员、装备、技术、科学理论等方面的复杂系统工程 ,笔者结合实际 ,有针对性的研究了事故应急有关的问题 ,可为导弹核武器核事故应急提供理论指导     

含银废料中银的化学法回收的研究

介绍了一种简便实用的含银废料中银回收的化学方法，本法具有工艺简便操作安全、技术条件易控制、污染小、适用性广和经济效益显著等优点。     

消除CS_2的滤料筛选

采用动态和静态两种配气方法 ,观察了 1 0余种滤料对CS2 的消除效果 ,结果表明 ,动态条件下滤料对CS2 的消除效果好于静态条件。不同滤料对CS2 的消除效果亦不相同 ,其中 6号碳纤维、 1号铜纤维、活性碳纤维及AF材料对CS2 的消除效果较好。由于活性碳纤维经济易得 ,适用于空气净化。