The biogeochemical cycles of phosphorus: A review of local and global consequences of the atmospheric input

P‐input from the atmosphere is, in many oligotrophic ecosystems, substantial for the biomass production; in some regions biomass formation may depend fully or partially on the phosphorus input from the atmosphere. As a consequence, phosphorus must be considered as an element participating in cycles involving the atmosphere, like sulfur and nitrogen. Dust and aerosols containing phosphorus are transported worldwide, linking even distant regions. Human activities enhance the amounts of P distributed. Since the concentrations of P in the atmospheric dry and wet input are usually very low, special care in sampling and analysis is a prerequisite to obtain reproducible data. Some values in the literature may be questionable.     

Seven Years of Change Following Liming of Sphagnum Communities in Sector Vii of the Loch Fleet Catchment

In 1986, application of lime within the upper wetland area of sector VII of the Loch Fleet catchment initiated numerous unscheduled small-scale experiments on the vegetation of this heterogeneous terrain. Vegetation changes and erosion were monitored in permanent or relocated plots established in 1987 and 1989 and re-surveyed in 1993, seven years after liming.

The most striking early effect, possibly occurring within a few weeks of lime application, was the death of Sphagnum papillosum carpet in soakways within the 2.5 ha area. Some patches of dead material were washed away, but bare surfaces were generally colonised by vascular plants, notably Juncus bulbosus. Effects in moorland and bog communities with dwarf shurbs were more subtle, involving reduction in Sphagnum cover and expansion of Erica teralix, Molinia caerulea, sedges and Narthecium ossifragum, but little change in the frequency of occurrence of Calluna vulgaris.     

A comparative evaluation of wet digestion and dry ashing methods for the determination of some major and minor nutrients in composted manure

The analytical results of 53 manure samples determined by wet digestion and dry ashing procedures were compared in order to evaluate their relative suitability for recovering different nutrient elements in manure and manure compost. Wet digestion recovered greater amounts of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in more samples than dry ashing. Nutrient contents in the samples were highly variable, with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 38% for magnesium (Mg) to 161% for copper (Cu) analyzed by the wet digestion procedure, and from 47% to 138% for Mg and Cu analyzed by the dry ashing procedure. The mean values of P, K, Ca, Mn, and Zn averaged for the 53 samples were significantly higher using wet digestion than dry ashing procedure, but both procedures recovered comparable amounts of iorn (Fe), Mg, and Cu. Correlations analysis between both procedures for each element showed reasonable to fair agreements for Ca (R ²?=?0.93), K (R ²?=?0.93), P (R ²?=?0.90), Mg (R ²?=?0.84), Fe (R ²?=?0.87), Mn (R ²?=?0.73), and Cu (R ²?=?0.66), but poor agreement for Zn (R ²?=?0.44). The low agreement between procedures for Zn suggests that wet digestion, which gave a higher recovery, should be a preferred procedure for analyzing Zn in manures.     

Effects of Artificial Sand Fixing on Community Characteristics of a Rare Desert Shrub

Eremosparton songoricum (Fabaceae) is a rare, native, clonal small shrub of the deserts of central Asia. Although human activities have greatly fragmented the distribution of E. songoricum, it occurs in areas where artificial sand fixing (AS) has been implemented. We sought to explore whether AS promotes survival and growth of E. songoricum. In the Gurbantunggut Desert of northwestern China in June 2010, we established 10 plots in an area where sand fixing occurred (5–10 years previously) and 11 plots on original sand substrate on which some plants had settled without fixing sand. Sand fixing changed soil properties and biological characteristics in sand‐fixed plots. The soil surface where sand fixing occurred was covered by algal crusts and some lichen, but not bare sand (BS). Soil nutrients; water content of deep soil (30–150 cm); overall plant and herbaceous species richness, diversity, abundance, and cover; above‐ and belowground biomass; and cover, biomass, and height of E. songoricum in the sand‐fixed plots were significantly greater than in plots of BS. However, distribution of E. songoricum individuals in the 2 types of plots did not differ. Our results indicate AS may enhance survival of E. songoricum and increase the overall diversity and stability of the desert plant community. We suggest AS as a way to protect this rare desert plant in situ. Efectos de la Fijación Artificial de Arena sobre las Características de la Comunidad de un Arbusto Desértico Raro     

滆湖东岸生态修复试验区的水质净化效果

在滆湖东岸的小庙港湾,构建由沉水、浮叶和挺水植物组成的生态修复试验区,研究其水质净化效果.于2009年12月至2010年11月,跟踪监测敞水区(对照区)和试验区的水体理化指标.结果表明:(1)试验区水体悬浮物(SS)的去除效果较好,周年平均去除率达24.85％.(2)试验区水体透明度改善较明显,比敞水区提高11.24％. (3)试验区水体总磷(TP)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)的去除效果明显,两者浓度周年平均值分别比敞水区下降21.90％和22.83％.(4)试验区水体总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH3-N)和高锰酸钾盐指数(CODMn)的周年去除率较低.与敞水区相比,CODMn和NiH3-N浓度的周年平均值分别仅下降9.49％和3.52％,TN浓度周年平均值比敞水区增加6.69％.(5)试验区水体水质的净化效果受季节、水生植物生长状况等因素的影响.     

焦化厂不同粒径土壤中PAHs的赋存特征

为分析典型焦化污染场地不同粒径土壤中PAHs的累积及其与土壤有机碳含量（TOC）、比表面积（SA）等土壤性质的相关性,对北京焦化厂长期受PAHs污染的土壤进行粒度分级[P1（0.5~1.0 mm）、P2（0.25~0.5 mm）、P3（0.15~0.25 mm）、P4（0.106~0.15 mm）、P5（0.075~0.106 mm）、P6（<0.075 mm）],测定了各粒径土壤的理化性质及土壤中USEPA优先控制的16种PAHs的浓度,探究PAHs在不同粒径土壤中的累积特征,并通过PAHs质量分数及土壤部分理化性质的曲线拟合结果分析PAHs的赋存特征。结果表明：各粒径土壤中16种PAHs均有检出,其最高质量分数大多出现在P1粒径土样,最低质量分数出现在 P4、P5中。各粒径土壤中2~3（低）环 PAHs、ΣPAHs16质量分数变化趋势相似,均为 P1>P2>P3、P4、P6>P5(P<0.05),4（中）、5~6（高）环PAHs趋势类似,均为P1、P2>P3>P6>P4、P5(P<0.05)。比表面积（SA）、总有机碳（TOC）、可溶解性有机碳（DOC）与各类PAHs的质量分数呈现一定的相关性,各类PAHs质量分数随SA的增大呈先增大随后减小趋势,最大质量分数所对应的SA为38~41 m2·g-1,随TOC的增加呈先减小随后增大趋势,最小质量分数所对应的TOC为7.0~8.7 g·kg-1。不同粒径土壤颗粒中,基于污染物毒性当量因子（TEF）的等效质量分数与污染物实际质量分数变化趋势并不相同,ΣPAHs16实际质量分数变化趋势为P1>P2、P3、P4、P6>P5(P<0.05),而其等效质量分数则为P1、P2、P3、P4、P6>P5(P<0.05)。     

丛枝菌根对土壤-植物系统中重金属迁移转化的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)是一类在自然和农业生态系统中广泛存在并能与多数陆生植物形成共生关系的土壤真菌,在重金属污染土壤中对宿主植物的生长及吸收累积重金属具有重要影响,因而对污染土壤的生物修复具有潜在应用价值。以重金属从根际土壤进入植物并在植物体内再分配过程为主线,介绍丛枝菌根在这一过程中对重金属环境行为,特别是根际土壤中重金属赋存形态及植物吸收重金属的影响。最后,对丛枝菌根影响植物重金属耐性机制研究前沿和菌根修复技术的应用前景进行展望。     

Ontogenetic and spatio-temporal patterns of induced volatiles in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine max</Emphasis> in the light of the optimal defence hypothesis

Summary. Plants attacked by herbivorous insects emit a blend of volatile compounds that serve as important host location cues for parasitoid wasps. Variability in the released blend may exist on the whole-plant and withinplant level and can affect the foraging efficiency of parasitoids. We comprehensively assessed the kinetics of herbivore-induced volatiles in soybean in the context of growth stage, plant organ, leaf age, and direction of signal transport. The observed patterns were used to test the predictions of the optimal defence hypothesis (OD). We found that plants in the vegetative stage emitted 10-fold more volatiles per biomass than reproductive plants and young leaves emitted >2.6 times more volatiles than old leaves. Systemic induction in single leaves was stronger and faster by one day in acropetal than in basipetal direction while no systemic induction was found in pods. Herbivore-damaged leaves had a 200-fold higher release rate than pods. To some extent these findings support the OD: i) indirect defence levels were increased in response to herbivory and ii) young leaves, which are more valuable, emitted more volatiles. However, the fact that reproductive structures emitted no constitutive or very few inducible volatiles is in seeming contrast to the OD predictions. We argue that in case of volatile emission the OD can only partially explain the patterns of defence allocation due to the peculiarity that volatiles act as signals not as toxins or repellents.     

利用根箱法解析水稻根际土壤中氮的行为

为研究水田土壤中氮的行为,施给15NH4 或15NO3-标记的硝胺(NH415NO3或15NH4NO3)的沙壤土(Shirasu soil)添充在根箱里,对Japonica水稻(品种Hinohikari)进行温室栽培6周.收割后,水稻植株分地上部和根部,对各自的全氮,15N atom％进行测定.根箱各区域的土壤按着鲜土形态进行采取后,对此全氮,NO3-N,水溶性NH4-N,KCl抽出NH4-N和其各自的15N atom％进行测定.研究结果表明,土壤全氮含量与栽培前相比,在非根际明显降低,但在根际比非根际要高,保持了与栽培前相同的水平.土壤NO3-N浓度从非根际到根际递增,但与其栽培前相比显著地降低,在整个根箱里,施给NO3-N的79％为因脱氮而损失.土壤中NO3-N的大部分来自于土壤氮化合物,来自施肥的比例却较低,尤其是在根际.反而,施给NO3-N的残存率约仅为16％左右,但其中有机态氮所占的比率在非根际里55％～86％,在根际却达到了93％.土壤水溶性NH4-N和KCl抽出NH4-N浓度靠近根际逐渐降低,而且在非根际两者匀由1∶10的比例存在,但在根际里水溶性NH4-N没被检索到.在非根际里,土壤KCl抽出NH4-N的35％～66％为来自施肥,但其比例在根际里却降到15％左右.在土壤中残存的来自施给NH4-N的氮化合物之中,有机态氮所占的比例在非根际里约为11％～65％,但在根际却达到了92％.以上结果表明,在水稻根际,氮的无机化和有机化的活性比非根际显著.