立柱无土栽培研究初报

立柱无土栽培研究初报龚颂福，李止正（中国科学院上海植物生理研究所上海２０００３２）关键词立柱无土栽培；蔬菜；花卉ＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＮＴＨＥＳＯＩＬＬＥＳＳＣＵＬＴＵＲＥＳＯＮＶＥＲＴＩＣＡＬＣＯＬＵＭＮＳ￥ＧｏｎｇＳｏｎｇｆｕａｎｄＬｉＺｈｉｓｈｅｎｇ...     

多目标优化方法在城市污水厂汇水区污染源总量控制规划中的应用

在城市污水处理厂汇水区实行污染源总量控制,应该避免与城市污水处理厂重复治理.针对这个问题,提出难降解有机物控制的多目标准则指标,建立了多目标优化模型.     

红厚壳在海南岛的分布及其生长习性

红厚壳在海南岛一直是适应性强，分布广泛的珍贵植物资源。调查结果表明，在经济建设，农业土地开发等压力下，海南岛的红厚壳植物资源正日趋减少，目前仅在琼山，文昌等地区还保留较丰富，南部地区已绝迹，西部地区也难以见到。     

论贵州岩溶山区植物物种多样性的保护

论述了植物物种多样性的概念及保护意义，针对贵州岩溶山区生态环境和植物资源现状，认为植物资源的开发和利用必须重视对植物物种多样性的保护，并提出了保护植物物种多样性的几点建议。     

Modelling the fate of organic chemicals in the soil plant environment: Model study of root uptake of pesticides

The fate of organic chemicals in the soil-plant-atmosphere environment and the governing processes were studied with a coupled dynamic soil transport and plant compartment model. Scenarios with applications of pesticides on sand and loam soils with chemical uptake in barley and wheat were used in the model calculations. Root uptake and concentrations in the plant compartments stem, leave and fruit were calculated for the pesticides terbuthylazine, isoproturon and carbofuran.

The effectivity of uptake from soils with different soil sorption coefficients had been shown for sand and loam soils. The processes degradation in plant and volatilization from leaves to atmosphere are especially effective for carbofuran and terbuthylazine. Although the concentrations in corn at harvest are lower than the maximum allowed concentrations, the peak concentrations in the course of the vegetation period are significantly higher (factor ≤ 200).     

植物细胞色素P450酶系的研究进展及其与外来物质的关系

植物细胞色素P45 0是分子量为 40— 60KD、结构类似的一类血红素 硫铁蛋白。它以可溶性和膜结合两种形态存在于植物细胞内 ,可催化多种化学反应 ,在防御植物免受有害物质侵害方面具有重要作用。目前已克隆 90多个植物细胞色素P45 0基因。本文概述了植物P45 0基因表达调控与环境、发育、组织特异性关系的研究进展。认为植物P45 0同工酶在环境毒物生物修复和在抗外源毒素的转基因植物方面具有很高的应用前景     

Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and microbial activity in a field soil planted with perennial ryegrass

Dissipation and plant uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated agricultural soil planted with perennial ryegrass were investigated in a field experiment. After two seasons of grass cultivation the mean concentration of 12 PAHs in soil decreased by 23.4% compared with the initial soil. The 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-ring PAHs were dissipated by 30.9%, 25.5%, 21.2%, and 16.3% from the soil, respectively. Ryegrass shoots accumulated about 280 μg·kg^-1, shoot dry matter biomass reached 2.48 × 10⁴ kg·ha^-1, and plant uptake accounted for about 0.99% of the decrease in PAHs in the soil. Significantly higher soil enzyme activities and microbial community functional diversity were observed in planted soil than that in the unplanted control. The results suggest that planting ryegrass may promote the dissipation of PAHs in long-term contaminated agricultural soil, and plant-promoted microbial degradation may be a main mechanism of phytoremediation.     

7种阔叶植物群落降噪的临界达标宽度

选取南京市部分主干路道路绿地的7种阔叶植物群落,通过沿道路纵向每间隔5m以及不定距移动测量,结果表明:测量时间段内路缘处噪声的等效连续A声级平均值都超出GB3096-2008中相应规定的限制,其中最高的超出6dB,最低的超出1.3dB;同一阔叶植物群落,随着离开路缘的距离增加,降噪效果更加明显;不同的阔叶植物群落在同一距离处的降噪效果不同,这与植物群落的组成和内部结构特征有密切关系;植物群落的降噪效果与林带宽度并非都呈线性关系;7种阔叶植物群落达到声环境功能区环境噪声限值的临界宽度值集中在5～15m范围内;达到一定宽度的阔叶植物群落可以基本满足城市主干路的降噪要求,在道路绿化中可以广泛应用。     

Plant diversity reduces the effect of multiple heavy metal pollution on soil enzyme activities and microbial community structure

It is unclear whether certain plant species and plant diversity could reduce the impacts of multiple heavy metal pollution on soil microbial structure and soil enzyme activities. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to analyze the genetic diversity and microbial similarity in planted and unplanted soil under combined cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) pollution. A metal hyperaccumulator, Brassica juncea, and a common plant, Festuca arundinacea Schreb, were used in this research. The results showed that microorganism quantity in planted soil significantly increased, compared with that in unplanted soil with Cd and Pb pollution. The order of microbial community sensitivity in response to Cd and Pb stress was as follows: actinomycetes>bacteria>fungi. Respiration, phosphatase, urease and dehydrogenase activity were significantly inhibited due to Cd and Pb stress. Compared with unplanted soil, planted soils have frequently been reported to have higher rates of microbial activity due to the presence of additional surfaces for microbial colonization and organic compounds released by the plant roots. Two coexisting plants could increase microbe population and the activity of phosphatases, dehydrogenases and, in particular, ureases. Soil enzyme activity was higher in B. juncea phytoremediated soil than in F. arundinacea planted soil in this study. Heavy metal pollution decreased the richness of the soil microbial community, but plant diversity increased DNA sequence diversity and maintained DNA sequence diversity at high levels. The genetic polymorphism under heavy metal stress was higher in B. juncea phytoremediated soil than in F. arundinacea planted soil.     

交通污染区城市绿化植物硫含量分布

为探讨城市绿化植物对交通环境中SO2的响应，以远离城市道路的相对清洁区公园生长的植物为对照植物，采集了广东省被广泛栽种的18种园林绿化植物的不同方位的叶片和树皮样品，用硫酸钡比浊法测定了每种植物样品在交通污染区面向机动车行驶方向、面向人行道方向及相对清洁区的植物样品等不同方位的植物叶片和树皮硫含量，分析了绿化植物在同一株植物的不同生长部位和不同环境中硫含量的分布特征。结果表明，交通污染区所有样品的叶片硫和树皮硫含量均高于相对清洁区的样品。其中，远离工厂的交通污染区生长的同一株植物，离机动车道越近，硫含量越高；靠近工厂的交通污染区的同一植物，离工厂近的部位的植物树皮硫含量高于面向机动车道一侧的植物硫含量。