汽车排气尾流中微粒分布及其变化特性的研究

根据微粒核化、凝并及凝结模型对汽车排气尾流中微粒分布的变化特性进行了分析.结果表明,微粒的核化增加了排气尾流中超细微粒的数量;微粒的凝并和凝结将改变排气尾流中的微粒分布.在核化、凝并及凝结过程同时存在时,核化对微粒分布的影响相对较小,微粒分布的变化主要受凝并和凝结的作用.在排气管出口处,微粒的核化、凝并及凝结过程比较剧烈,微粒分布变化较大;随着距排气管出口距离的增加,微粒演变逐渐减弱.研究工作可以为汽车排放控制策略的确定以及汽车微粒对人体健康影响的研究提供依据.     

Infrared spectroscopic probing of dimethylamine clusters in an Ar matrix

Amines have many atmospheric sources and their clusters play an important role in aerosol nucleation processes. Clusters of a typical amine, dimethylamine (DMA), of different sizes were measured with matrix isolation IR (infrared) and NIR (near infrared) spectroscopy. The NIR vibrations are more separated and therefore it is easier to distinguish different sizes of clusters in this region. The DMA clusters, up to DMA tetramer, have been optimized using density functional methods, and the geometries, binding energies and thermodynamic properties of DMA clusters were obtained. The computed frequencies and intensities of NH-stretching vibrations in the DMA clusters were used to interpret the experimental spectra. We have identified the fundamental transitions of the bonded NH-stretching vibration and the first overtone transitions of the bonded and free NH-stretching vibration in the DMA clusters. Based on the changes in vibrational intensities during the annealing processes, the growth of clusters was clearly observed. The results of annealing processes indicate that DMA molecules tend to form larger clusters with lower energies under matrix temperatures, which is also supported by the calculated reaction energies of cluster formation.     

粉煤燃烧过程中细粒子形成机理的研究

煤是一种有机沉淀岩 ,主要包括有机碳化合物和无机矿物。在燃烧的高温条件下 ,煤中的矿物质首先经历热分解和气化 ,当烟气冷却时 ,它们经过冷凝成核、凝结和团聚等作用 ,形成大量细粒子。这些细粒子的排放会对大气环境和人类健康造成严重的影响。研究燃烧过程中细粒子的形成机理将为其污染防治提供理论基础和科学依据。本文系统地综述了煤燃烧过程中矿物质和痕量元素的气化、冷凝成核、表面凝结、团聚的机理、模拟和预测方法以及细粒子形成机理的研究进展。     

细菌气溶胶在大气冰核核化过程中作用的研究进展

介绍了大气中细菌气溶胶的种类和浓度分布的变化特征,对冰核细菌促进冰核核化的分子生物学机制,影响成冰活性的因素以及冰核在大气冰核核化过程中作用的研究进展等做了重点介绍,对冰核细菌的生物学、分子生物学和形态学及其实际应用等方面的研究进展也做了讨论,同时也指出了今后需要进一步研究的问题,尤其是生物冰核在云和降水中作用方面的问题.     

NO2对SO2/H2O/空气体系气溶胶成核过程的影响

为研究NO₂对SO₂/H₂O/空气体系气溶胶成核过程的影响,采用纳米扫描迁移率粒子粒径谱仪(Nano-SMPS),对NO₂/SO₂/H₂O/空气混合气体在X-射线作用下生成粒子的粒径和浓度进行测量. 结果表明,粒子的粒径在2.0~63.8 nm之间,最高数浓度可达到1.4×107 cm-3. 成核粒子谱的分布呈双峰模式,其中一个谱峰中心位置在4.0 nm附近,另一个在7.0~14.6 nm之间,分别对应于均相成核和离子诱导成核两种过程. 在均相成核方面,NO₂和SO₂均能参与气溶胶成核,而对气溶胶的生长没有明显影响,粒子的粒径主要集中在4.0 nm附近. 在离子诱导成核方面,当混合气体中φ(SO₂)低于2.12×10-6时,加入NO₂可促进粒子生成;而当超过该值时,NO₂的加入反而会降低气溶胶成核粒子的总数浓度. 当φ(SO₂)为3.61×10-6时,在φ(NO₂)分别为0.13×10-6、0.18×10-6和0.84×10-6的条件下,气溶胶成核粒子的总数浓度比不含NO₂下分别减少了25.9%、33.1%和49.0%. 研究显示,NO₂和SO₂对·OH的反应竞争作用是影响NO₂/SO₂/H₂O/空气体系气溶胶成核的重要机制.      

汽车排气微粒的形成及其演变分析

许多研究表明汽车排气微粒对人体的健康危害很大,尤其是微粒粒径较小,数量浓度较高时,危害更甚.汽车排气微粒在排放后会经历一系列物理化学变化,在扩散的同时,微粒受冷凝/蒸发、核化、凝并、沉降等作用的影响,其粒径分布和浓度都会发生很大的变化;与此同时,污染物进入大气环境后,不同的环境因素对微粒粒径的影响也不同.本文结合国内外的研究现状,阐述了各个过程中的汽车排气微粒的变化以及对微粒浓度和粒径的影响.     

制造非均匀成核环境沉淀出焦化洗萘塔废水中萘垢

针对焦化洗萘塔废水中萘垢随时随地析出，造成管路堵塞，电机频繁烧坏和实验室洗萘水中萘结晶现象，从理论上进行了分析，并在此基础上，对终冷水池进行改造，在池中插入九道筛网，使废水中的萘处于非均匀形核环境，在进入管道输送系统之前，使绝大多数萘垢析出。从而解决了长期以来困扰萍钢的一个重要环保问题。     

内核烧结法-生活垃圾焚烧炉技术

通过对“内核烧结法”工艺在不同焚烧状态下的应用研究，开发出了不同类型的垃圾焚烧炉，不断完善生活垃圾焚烧技术。     

胞外多聚物在厌氧污泥颗粒化成核过程中的特性

以模拟啤酒废水为底物在IC反应器中进行厌氧污泥颗粒化培养,并对污泥颗粒化过程中胞外多聚物(EPS)的主要成分变化及其与细胞表面疏水性和Zeta电位之间的相互关系进行分析,以此来阐述EPS对污泥颗粒化成核的作用。研究结果表明,好氧剩余污泥在经过56 d的培养后,平均粒径由接种时的54.72μm增长到103.46μm,实现了厌氧污泥颗粒化成核过程;EPS蛋白质含量(PN)在颗粒化过程中逐渐由接种时的18.1 mg/g增至54.3 mg/g,而EPS多糖含量(PS)则无明显变化;此外,PN/PS与污泥平均粒径、细胞表面疏水性(RH)以及Zeta电位之间呈正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.9727、0.9593和0.9274。由此可推测:厌氧污泥颗粒化成核过程的主要作用成分为胞外蛋白质,其可以改变污泥细胞表面疏水性和Zeta电位,从而在厌氧污泥颗粒化过程中有着重要的促进作用。     

Diurnal variation of number concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles in the urban atmosphere of Beijing in winter

Number concentration and distribution of airborne particles in the size range 5.6 to 560 um diameter were measured in Beijing for a 15-d period in winter 2005.Daily average number concentrations of nucleation mode(5.6-20 nm),Aitken mode(20-100 nm), and accumulation mode(100-560 nm)particles,and total particles were 17500,32000,4000,and 53500 cm~(-3),respectively.Average particle size distribution was monomodal with a mode diameter of about 40 um at night and bimodal with mode diameters of about 10 and about 40 nm during the daytime.New particle formation events,which were connected to diurnal variation of nucleation mode particles,were observed in more than half of the observation days.The events often started around 10:00-11:00 Chinese Standard Time (CST)and ended up after 3-4 h.Concentrations of Aitken and accumulation mode particles increased from midnight and reached their maxima at about 10:00 CST,and then decreased and became the lowest in the afternoon.Analysis of diurnal cycles in traffic volume and meteorological parameters revealed that the accumulation of the particles in Aitken and accumulation modes in the morning was influenced by formation of an inversion and increase in vehicle emission,and dispersion of such particles in the afternoon was associated with more effective vertical mixing and higher wind speed.