水力空化技术的研究及其应用

水力空化是一种新的水处理技术.作为一种新技术,水力空化已经应用于化学和环境领域.本文阐述了水力空化的机理,包括空化的产生、发展及溃灭的过程,并提出了空泡溃灭时产生的高温高压是水处理过程中的能量来源.研究了影响水力空化的因素,介绍了其在国内外的研究进展,以及水力空化的动力学基础,指出了该领域目前存在的问题以及以后的研究方向,对进一步深入研究空化现象及应用有一定的参考作用.     

IMPACT OF COAL SURFACE MINING ON THREE OHIO WATERSHEDS - SURFACE-WATER HYDROLOGY1

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to determine the effects of mining and reclaiming originally undisturbed watersheds on surface-water hydrology in three small experimental watersheds in Ohio. Approximately six years of data were collected at each site, with differing lengths of premining (Phase 1), mining and reclamation (Phase 2), and post-reclamation (Phase 3) periods. Mining and reclamation activities showed no consistent pattern iii base-flow, and caused slightly more frequent higher daily flow volumes. Phase 2 activities can cause reductions in seasonal variation in double mass curves compared with Phase 1. Restoration of seasonal variations was noticeably apparent at one site during Phase 3. The responses of the watersheds to rainfall intensities causing larger peak flow rates generally decreased due to mining and reclamation, but tended to exceed responses observed in Phase 1 during Phase 3. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) curve numbers increased due to mining and reclamation (Phase 2), ranging from 83 to 91. During Phase 3, curve numbers remained approximately constant from Phase 2, ranging from 87 to 91.     

矿井通风系统模糊可靠性研究

定义模糊可靠度为一个服从正态分布的模糊数，并以模糊数作为通风系统的各风路可靠度，进而提出了矿井通风系统的模糊可靠度计算方法。同时在置信水平上，确定矿井通风系统的普通可靠度置信区间。若＝１，则模糊可靠度计算转化为可靠度计算。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复技术及微生物生态效应

利用投菌法和生物刺激法对陕北子长石油污染土壤进行微生物修复研究.通过利用红外分光光度法测定不同处理方法对石油烃的去除效果确定了修复陕北石油污染土壤的最佳方案.修复过程中利用最大可能计数法(MPN)、PCR-琼脂糖电泳法、PCR-DGGE法分别测定了石油烃降解菌数目、催化基因、土壤微生物多样性对土壤微生物生态效应进行研究.结果发现石油污染土壤不同生物处理修复效果为:生物刺激(加入N、P营养物质)生物强化(投加降解菌)其他.土壤中石油烃降解率与可降解石油烃的催化基因含量之间存在正相关关系,修复过程中土壤中的石油烃和烷烃降解菌数量显著多于多环芳烃降解菌数量,投加外源降解菌SZ-1可以显著提高土壤细菌群落的多样性.研究结果有助于深入理解生物修复石油土壤过程中的微生物生态效应变化.     

南宁市一次污染过程大气颗粒物理化特性及来源

利用颗粒物粒径谱仪和单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪等,对南宁市2016年12月5~11日大气污染过程进行实时监测,分析颗粒物粒径分布特征、化学组分及其污染来源.结果表明,观测期间南宁市20 nm~10μm颗粒物数浓度粒径主要集中在23~395 nm之间,主峰值出现在100 nm左右.期间有3次新粒子生成现象,下午14:00~18:00有30 nm左右新粒子开始生成,晚20:00~次日06:00碰并长大到40~110 nm左右,3次新粒子生成过程受机动车尾气一次排放的污染影响.对污染期间细颗粒物化学成分在线溯源分析发现,污染期间有大量的二次反应颗粒物生成,判定颗粒物来源主要有生物质燃烧源、扬尘源和燃煤源,其中,远距离传输对生物质燃烧源有贡献.     

杭州市家庭室内空气中PBDEs的污染现状与特征

分析评价了杭州市家庭室内空气中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的污染现状及特征.结果显示:杭州家庭客厅空气中气相和颗粒相PBDEs的总浓度平均值分别为52.57 pg·m-3,范围为21.37～83.47 pg·m-3、卧室浓度为43.78 pg·m-3,范围为28.72～58.75 pg·m-3,BDE-47和BDE-99是家庭室内空气中最重要的两种单体,占总浓度的62.75％.室内空气中气相PBDEs浓度是颗粒相的1.49倍.高层建筑中的PBDEs浓度与低层建筑差别不大,均处于较低水平.PBDEs的理化性质、环境条件是影响其气固分配的重要因素.     

封闭式博物馆室内空气颗粒物离子成分特征

采用气体悬浮物粒子监测仪和NanoMoudi-Ⅱ125A型分级采样器对某封闭式博物馆进行颗粒物数浓度监测和颗粒物采样,测定了不同粒径段颗粒物中的主要离子组分。结果表明,监测期间粗颗粒物(粒径≥2.5μm)、细颗粒物(粒径在0.1~2.5μm之间)和超细颗粒物(粒径≤0.1μm)质量浓度分别为20.50~24.38μg/m3、23.39~24.08μg/m3和16.02~17.48μg/m3。颗粒物数浓度集中在粒径≤0.3μm范围,PM1数浓度占PM10数浓度的97%以上,游客扰动和清洁活动使粗颗粒物数浓度增加了8~172倍。SO42-、NO3-、NH4+峰值出现在0.32~0.56μm粒径段,Na+、Cl-分布较平均,K+峰值出现在0.32~0.56μm和3.2~5.6μm粒径段,Mg2+的峰值出现在3.2~5.6μm粒径段,Ca2+峰值出现在1.8~3.2μm粒径段;总有机酸根离子无明显峰值;乙酸根离子浓度为1.238μg/m3,高于甲酸根和乙二酸根。颗粒物的阳/阴离子比均值为2.83,说明阴离子测定可能有缺失,如碳酸盐等。颗粒物中水溶性离子浓度水平和粒径分布受游客影响不明显,受室外空气输送的影响较大。     

快速消解分光光度法测定低浓度水样化学需氧量的不确定度评定

摘要：运用测量不确定度评定的方法和程序,分析了快速消解分光光度法（HJ／T399—2007）测量水质化学需氧量测试过程中不确定度的来源,主要是标准溶液配制、标准曲线拟合、样品重复测定、分光光度计、取水样体积这五部分引入的不确定度。本次测量相对合成不确定度为0．027;最大的相对不确定度分量是标准曲线拟合引起的,相对不确定度为0．015;最小的相对不确定度分量是取水样体积引起的,相对不确定度为0．0032;本次测量结果为：56．0mg／L±3．04mg／L,k=2。     

Review of the remediation strategies for soil water repellency

Many regions of the world are predicted to experience water scarcity due to more frequent and more severe droughts and increased water demands. Water use efficiency by plants can be negatively affected by soil water repellency (SWR). It is timely to review existing techniques to remedy SWR. Ideally remediation addresses the origins of a problem. However, the fundamental mechanisms of how and why SWR develops are still poorly understood. In this review it was hypothesized that SWR occurs where the balance of input-decomposition of organic matter is impaired, due to either increased input or decreased decomposition rates of hydrophobic substances. Direct and indirect strategies to remedy SWR were distinguished. While direct remediation aims at abolishing the causes of SWR, indirect strategies seek to manage sites with SWR by treating its symptoms. The 12 reviewed strategies include applying surfactants, clay, slow-release fertilizers, lime, and fungicides, bioremediation of SWR through stimulating earthworms, choosing adapted vegetation, irrigation, cultivation, soil aeration and compaction. Some of the techniques have been applied successfully only in laboratory experiments. Our review highlights that it is not straightforward to cure SWR based on easily measurable and site-specific soil and vegetation properties, and that long-term, large-scale field experiments are required to improve the understanding of the evolution of SWR as cornerstone to develop cost-effective and efficient remediation strategies. We also identified current research gaps around the diagnosis and prevention of SWR.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定电镀废水中高浓度的锡

采用盐酸消解样品,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定电镀废水中高浓度的锡的质量浓度,方法简单可靠。通过实验样品的分析,验证了方法的准确度和精密度。该方法干扰少,数据准确,适合废水分析。