中国降水酸度和离子浓度的时空分布

1991～1995年在全国进行了酸雨观测,建立了覆盖全国的具有区域代表性的酸沉降监测网,含271个测站?降水的pH值和电导率在现场采样后立即测量,降水样品的化学分析则在实验室里进行?主要离子SO2-₄,NO-₃,NH+₄,Ca2+浓度的加权均值分别为125.86,19.96,67.89和80.41μeq/L?由离子浓度地理分布图看出,这些离子浓度地理分布状况因离子而异?值得注意的是降水中SO2-₄和NO-₃浓度,北方非酸雨区甚高于南方酸雨区,这说明降水的酸度并不简单地决定于降水中SO2-₄和NO-₃的绝对浓度,而决定于这些离子对于Ca2+和NH+₄的相对浓度?发现了降水年均pH值低至4的一些地区,此值可能是目前世界年降水酸性最强的地区?文中还对代表性地区1986～1993年降水化学特征进行了分析,结果表明降水的酸度仍在升高?      

天山乌鲁木齐河流域山区水化学特征分析

2006、2007 年在乌鲁木齐河流域山区,沿河源冰川区到中游山区的6 个水文站点(1 号冰川、空冰斗、总控、巴拉提沟、跃进桥和后峡)定期持续采集径流样品,对流域山区河流水化学组成、演化过程及影响因素进行了分析。结果表明,所有径流样品的离子组成均为Ca²⁺－HCO₃^-－SO₄^2- 型,呈弱碱性。河源区冰川径流中TDS和EC均值总控> 1 号冰川> 空冰斗,其中1 号冰川径流峰值最大。与河源区相比,上中游3 个水文站径流离子含量、TDS和EC明显增高。通过Piper 图显示,上中游径流水化学类型与河源区相似,表明整个流域山区径流水化学形成过程存在相似原理。结合Gibbs 图和离子比值进行分析,得出碳酸盐、黄铁矿和长石类矿物风化是水化学组成的控制因素。上中游径流中Mg²⁺和SO₄^2- 离子浓度比例有所增长,表明流域演化过程中含S矿物的氧化作用对径流离子组成的贡献率逐渐增加。     

黄土高原不同地貌区土壤有机碳空间变异与合理取样数研究

论文运用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,以黄土高原典型地貌丘陵沟壑区(庄浪县)与平原区(武功县)为例,探讨了土壤有机碳空间变异特征及县域尺度土壤有机碳的合理采样数。研究表明,丘陵沟壑区有机碳的变异系数较小,变化范围在0.176 到0.200 之间,平原区较沟壑区大,变化范围在0.24 到0.26 之间,基于经典统计学,在5%的精度要求和95%的置信区间,沟壑区的合理样本数为64 个,平原区为110 个。丘陵沟壑区与平原区两区域都呈现出强烈的空间相关性且变程较小,分别为2 250、900 m,庄浪县土壤有机碳含量高值区斑块较破碎,东部较西部多、北部比南部多;武功县土壤有机碳含量西南与中部地区含量较高,高值区比庄浪县相对集中。根据土壤有机碳的空间相关性和克里格插值的独立验证得出庄浪县与武功县的合理采样数分别为903、1 838 个,合理样本数的确定对合理评价黄土高原地区碳储量的预测精度有重要意义。     

不确定性信息下河道型水库纳污能力计算初探

基于河流水文、水质条件等因素的实际变化,并在考虑了参量取值可信度的基础上,运用未确知数学理论对河道型水库闭闸期间滞流水体纳污能力计算问题进行了初步探讨.研究表明,依据未确知数学计算不确定性信息下水体纳污能力,理论上是可行的,计算结果是可信的.      

Surface solar ultraviolet radiation: A theoretical approach of the SUVR reaching the ground in Athens, Greece

Daily total ozone observations made during 1985–1993 by both the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) flown on the Satellite Nimbus-7 and the Dobson Spectrophotometer have been used in order to investigate the fluctuations of the daily broad-band and spectral solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground. This investigation has been performed by employing a recently developed parametric algorithm for the estimation of the spectral and broad-band solar ultraviolet radiation which takes the total ozone variations into consideration. Total ozone reductions during the summertime from 1985 to 1993 over Athens, Greece (37.6° N, 23.4° E), cause an increase in the ultraviolet irradiance which reaches the ground of 0.54 %, 0.98 %, 2.60 % and 0.79 % per decade for the months of July at 300 nm, 312 nm, 320 nm and UVB (280-320 nm), respectively.     

汾河表层沉积物PCBs和OCPs含量、来源及生态风险

利用GC-ECD方法测定了汾河太原段30个表层沉积物样品中多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量,同时对沉积物中PCBs和OCPs的来源和生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,研究区PCBs和OCPs的含量分别为n.d.~50.95μg/kg和2.19 ~25.24μg/kg.Aroclor检出率最高为Aroclor1260和Aroclor1254,这可能与我国主要生产和使用的PCB有关.OCPs中p,p￠-DDE含量占优势,研究区HCH和DDT来源于工业和农业输入.生态风险评价结果表明,γ-HCH、DDT(total),o,p￠+p,p￠-DDT,p,p￠-DDE,七氯环氧化物,PCBs总量可能会对研究区水生生态环境造成潜在影响,但整体风险水平不高.     

Characterization of particle number size distribution and new particle formation in Southern China

Knowledge of particle number size distribution(PND) and new particle formation(NPF)events in Southern China is essential for mitigation strategies related to submicron particles and their effects on regional air quality,haze,and human health.In this study,seven field measurement campaigns were conducted from December 2013 to May 2015 using a scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS) at four sites in Southern China,including three urban sites and one background site.Particles were measured in the size range of15-515 nm,and the median particle number concentrations(PNCs) were found to vary in the range of 0.3× 10~4-2.2 × 10~4 cn~(-3) at the urban sites and were approximately 0.2 × 10~4 cm~(-3) at the background site.The peak diameters at the different sites varied largely from 22 to 102 nm.The PNCs in the Aitken mode(25-100 nm) at the urban sites were up to 10 times higher than they were at the background site,indicating large primary emissions from traffic at the urban sites.The diurnal variations of PNCs were significantly influenced by both rush hour traffic at the urban sites and NPF events.The frequencies of NPF events at the different sites were0%-30%,with the highest frequency occurring at an urban site during autumn.With higher SO_2 concentrations and higher ambient temperatures being necessary,NPF at the urban site was found to be more influenced by atmospheric oxidizing capability,while NPF at the background site was limited by the condensation sink.This study provides a unique dataset of particle number and size information in various environments in Southern China,which can help understand the sources,formation,and the climate forcing of aerosols in this quickly developing region,as well as help constrain and validate NPF modeling.     

汉丰湖和高阳湖水体氮磷分布及影响因素研究

为了研究三峡水库蓄水及汉丰湖调节坝运行对湖库氮磷营养盐的影响,于2018年11月~2019年10月对汉丰湖和高阳湖进行逐月水样采集.结果表明：汉丰湖TN浓度为0.78~2.38㎎/L,TP浓度为0.03~0.13㎎/L;高阳湖TN浓度为0.57~2.48㎎/L,TP浓度为0.03~0.09㎎/L,两湖库全年易发生富营养化.汉丰湖和高阳湖水体氮素浓度变化趋势一致,水体氮污染主要来自径流污染、城市污水以及淹没土壤的释放;两湖库磷素时空差异显著,高阳湖水体磷浓度随水位的变化波动性显著,说明水位调节对磷循环产生更直接的影响.外源污染的输入、浮游植物生长以及气温变化是影响汉丰湖水体氮磷营养盐浓度的主要因素,而高阳湖水体氮磷浓度主要受水位波动的影响.     

基于三角模糊数的河流沉积物中重金属污染评价模型

将模糊集理论引入污染评价领域,建立基于三角模糊数的地累积指数模糊评价模型.用三角模糊数表示沉积物污染物浓度和地球化学背景值,并通过α-截集技术和区间数的隶属度计算得出重金属污染程度级别,从而为重金属的综合污染评价提出一种新的思路.将该模型应用于湘江7个河段底泥沉积物重金属污染的评价,结果表明,7个河段沉积物中重金属污染严重,且6种重金属的地累积指数差异较大,各种重金属的富集程度由高至低排列的顺序为:CdZnHgPbAsCr.各河段沉积物中重金属的综合污染程度顺序为:衡阳湘潭郴州长沙岳阳株洲永州.Cd、Zn和Hg是各河段沉积物污染的主要环境污染因子.     

北京夏季高温高湿和降水过程对大气颗粒物谱分布的影响

2004-07-13～2004-08-23使用TDMPS-APS系统在线测量颗粒物的数浓度谱分布,并于07-16～07-18选取了高温闷热夜晚、日间高温高湿和雨后晴朗干洁3种天气条件,使用多级串联撞击式采样器(MOUDI)测量颗粒物的质量浓度谱分布,结果表明,高温高湿天气条件下颗粒物的污染、尤其细粒子污染严重,导致很低的能见度(2.5km);PM_1.8和PM₁₀的质量浓度分别为170.68μg/m³和249.35μg/m³,细粒子质量浓度占PM10的68%;粒径为50～100nm颗粒物的数浓度最高,为2×10⁴～3×10⁴个/cm³;降雨过程对粗粒子和细粒子均有去除作用,对细粒子的去除作用尤为明显;降雨后PM₁₀和PM_1.8浓度分别比降雨前降低3倍和6倍;降雨过后的晴朗干洁天气有利于新粒子(3～20nm)的生成,生成的新粒子快速长大到50～100nm;随着污染物的累积,以后几天内又变为污染天气.