水运工程施工重大危险源风险评价关键技术研究

在调研施工企业现状的基础上,结合水运工程施工特点,从风险的基本概念出发,制定事故后果衡量指标的分值评定标准和事故可能性衡量指标的分值评定标准,从而实现了对重大危险源(工序)的定量评价和分级。通过在两个水运工程施工项目的应用表明:该评价方法理论依据充分;评价过程简单易行;评价结果可信度高。该评价关键技术,为水运工程施工项目重大危险源(工序)风险评价提供了依据。     

基于粗糙集-人工神经网络的航空安全文化评价模型研究

根据航空运输企业安全生产系统的特征,制定相对科学的、适用的安全文化评价指标体系。将粗糙集、人工神经网络方法应用于航空安全文化评价研究。首先,通过问卷调查与粗糙集方法相结合,对安全文化评价指标信息表进行设定。利用粗糙集的属性约简功能,确定航空安全文化的核心要素;其次,利用人工神经网络对约简后指标权重进行计算;经过仿真实验,训练后的神经网络较好地获取并保存了安全文化评价的知识和经验,能够较为准确地对航空安全文化进行评价。     

珠三角城市污泥中壬基酚及重金属特征分析

对珠三角地区典型城市的13家污水处理厂剩余污泥中壬基酚(Nonylphenol,NP)、部分重金属及养分含量进行了检测和分析.结果表明,珠三角地区典型城市13家污水处理厂污泥中NP范围在0.45~65.17 mg·kg~(-1)(以干重计,下同)之间,平均值为10.87 mg·kg~(-1),工业废水是影响污水处理厂污泥中NP含量的一个重要因素,该地区污泥中NP含量相比于世界其他地区较低,但其中有2家污水处理厂污泥中NP含量超过或接近2000年欧盟污泥指令文件对污泥中NP、NP1EO、NP2EO(NPE)总量限制值(50 mg·kg~(-1)).13家污水处理厂污泥样中Cu、Pb、Cd及Zn含量的几何平均值分别为435.43、78.88、2.72、1088.01 mg·kg~(-1),与《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)中施用土壤(p H6.5)限值进行比较,仍有部分污水处理厂污泥中Cu、Cd、Zn含量超标.13家污水处理厂污泥样中有机质、总氮、总磷及总钾的算术平均值分别为294.40、12.92、39.63、9.12 g·kg~(-1),与过去的研究相比,污泥中有机质与养分含量总体呈上升趋势.相关性分析的结果表明,13家污水处理厂污泥样中NP含量与污泥中总Cu的含量具有显著的正相关关系.     

SPATIAL VARIATION OF NUTRIENT BALANCE IN THE TRUCKEE RIVER,CALIFORNIA‐NEVADA1

ABSTRACT: Because the Truckee River connects two lakes along the Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains with different limiting nutrients, this research addresses whether the nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) balance of the river ecosystem changes longitudinally. Historical (1990 to 2000) total nitro‐gen:total phosphorus (TN:TP) ratios in river water exhibited the expected gradient from high N:P ratios upstream to low N:P ratios downstream, with the major gradient of the N:P balance occurring within the transition between montane and high desert terrain. During 2001, the river contained anomalously low total nitrogen concentrations in the far upper reaches and dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations in the lower reaches, resulting in a less apparent longitudinal gradient of N:P ratios. Measurements of periphyton growth and physiology (nutrient bioassays and ectoenzyme activities) and stoichiometry during the summer of 2001 also exhibited a complex picture of the spatial variation of N:P balance that was not entirely consistent with a strong N:P gradient. However, the compendium of the indicators did support the overall picture of an overarching longitudinal gradient from high to low N:P ratios. The results suggest that periphyton management efforts in the Truckee River should consider the overall spatial gradient as well as the small‐scale dynamics of the stream ecosystem structure.     

A Synthetic Filter Material Containing Nutrients for Biofilter

In this study, a synthetic filter material with nutrients (PVA/peat/KNO₃ composite bead) was developed for biofilteration. The optimal preparing condition was each of the peat and PVA aqueous solutions mixed with 6.4 g KNO_3, and the minimum nitrogen content in the boric and phosphate aqueous solutions was 3.94 and 1.52 g-N/l, respectively. The equilibrium amount of inorganic nitrogen extracted by leaching from the prepared composite bead was between 7.95 and 8.21 mg N/g dry solid. The path of inorganic nitrogen extracted by leaching was the inorganic nitrogen dispersed in the peat phase firstly diffused into the outer PVA phase and then it diffused out of the bead surface for the A-type bead; and that was the inorganic nitrogen dispersed in both the peat and PVA phases simultaneously diffuses into the outer PVA phase and out of the bead surface, respectively, for the H-type bead. The microbial growth rate k _g of the H-type composite bead was higher than that of the A-type composite bead about 1.09–1.58 times, and the maximum value of k _g was at the H-type composite bead immersed in 0.384 M KNO₃ aqueous solution. The percentage of removed VOCs retained at more than 98% during the biofilter operating 230 days as the composite bead immersed in KNO₃ aqueous solution before packing. This composite bead bed was without the further addition of nutrients during the operating period.     

Conservation‐Induced Wastewater Flow Reductions Improve Nitrogen Removal: Evidence from New York City1

Abstract: Water resources are under increasing pressure to meet potable supply needs while sustaining aquatic ecosystems and fisheries. Growing populations and enforcement of the Total Maximum Daily Load provisions of the Clean Water Act present public water and wastewater utilities with costly options to meet potable water demands and reduce pollutant discharges into receiving waters. This paper documents that New York City’s comprehensive water conservation program – designed to extend the city’s safe yield of potable water—has also resulted in reduced nitrogen discharges from the city’s water pollution control plants during a period of population increases. This paper demonstrates and quantifies the effects that wastewater inflow volume reductions have on increased nitrogen removal, controlling for plant process changes. Conservation programs have saved the city billions of dollars in delayed or avoided capital improvements to both water and wastewater treatment plants, and have enabled the city to meet interim effluent discharge standards.     

A Retrospective Isotopic Study of Spruce Decline in the Vosges Mountains (France)

The objective of this study was to assess the time variation of mineral and water stress levels across the life of a declining, Mg-deficient, spruce stand, in order to clarify the factors that caused the decline. Since 1985, strong soil acidification linked to a large leaching of nitrate and base cations was measured at the study site. In 1994, 5 trees were felled and tree rings were measured and analysed for Ca, Mg, K, Sr, ¹³C¹²C and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotopic ratios. Strontium pools and fluxes as well as root Sr isotope ratio in relation to depth were also measured. Wood chemical concentrations and isotope ratios were strongly related to the dominance status of each tree. On average during the study period, the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of spruce wood decreased. Using a mechanistic model computing long term variations of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio in trees and soils, we reproduced the observed trend by simulating soil acidification – increasing Sr drainage from the whole profile, and particularly from the organic horizon –, and root uptake becoming more superficial with time. Between 1952 and 1976, tree ring ¹³C decreased strongly and continuously, which, in addition to other factors, might be related to an increase in water stress. Thus, a decrease in rooting depth, possibly related to soil acidification, appeared as a possible cause for the long term increase in water stress. The extreme drought event of 1976 appears to have revealed and triggered the decline.     

IN-LAKE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR A RECREATIONAL LAKE IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS1

Johnson Sauk Trail Lake remains highly eutrophic, even though the watershed has long been returned to an undisturbed condition with permanent vegetative cover and with little or no land disturbance in the watershed. Internal regeneration of nutrients has been identified as the major source of nutrients to the lake. Lake destratification, selective harvesting and removal of weeds, and control of algal blooms using chelated copper sulfate application followed by potassium permanganate application have all been chosen as management techniques for improving water quality conditions in the lake. These in-lake techniques are considered not as palliative measures, but as necessary tools in enhancing the lake's water quality characteristics.     

REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS IN STREAMS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO NUTRIENT CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT1

ABSTRACT: In order to establish meaningful nutrient criteria, consideration must be given to the spatial variations in geographic phenomena that cause or reflect differences in nutrient concentrations in streams. Regional differences in stream nutrient concentrations were illustrated using stream data collected from 928 nonpoint‐source watersheds distributed throughout the country and sampled as part of the U.S. EPA National Eutrophication Survey (NES). Spatial patterns in the differences were compared and found to correspond with an a priori regional classification system based on regional patterns in landscape attributes associated with variation in nutrient concentrations. The classification consists of 14 regions composed of aggregations of the 84 U.S. EPA Level III Ecoregions. The primary distinguishing characteristics of each region and the factors associated with variability in water quality characteristics are presented. The use of the NES and many other extant monitoring data sets to develop regional reference conditions for nutrient concentrations in streams is discouraged on the basis of sample representation. The necessity that all sites used in such an effort be regionally representative and consistently screened for least possible impact is emphasized. These sampling issues are rigorously addressed by the U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). A case‐study, using EMAP data collected from the Central and Eastern Forested Uplands, demonstrates how regional reference conditions and draft nutrient criteria could be developed.     

LAKE EUTROPHICATION–A NATURAL PROCESS1

Lake eutrophication is an economic, recreational, and aesthetic problem that affects every lake of the world. Eutrophication is the natural process of lake aging, and progresses irrespective of man's activities. Pollution, however, can hasten the natural rate of aging and shorten the life expectancy of a body of water. The eutrophication of a lake consists of the gradual progression from one life stage to another based on the degree of nourishment or productivity. The extinction of a lake is attributed to enrichment by nutritive materials, biological productivity, decay, and sedimentation. Presently used methods for retarding eutrophication are the abatement of cultural enrichment, treatment of eutrophic symptoms, and control of fundamental causes.