Implementing Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management in a Decentralized Setting: Italy as a Case Study

The study explored the sub-national implementation of the Pan-European Criteria and Indicators (C&I) for Sustainable Forest Management in Italy, based on the statistical analysis of answers to a questionnaire provided by representatives of the Italian sub-national forest administrations. The questionnaire explored the implementation of C&I in five applications and through the analytical lenses of ‘suitability of C&I to sub-national contexts’ and ‘adaptability of administrations to C&I’. The analysis of suitability and adaptability made it possible to identify and compare challenges in, and successful experiences with, the implementation of C&I, which were then used to formulate recommendations aimed at encouraging implementation and promoting academic and policy debate. The study reveals that C&I were implemented to a moderate extent. This level of implementation was determined most of all by the suitability of C&I to the Italian sub-national contexts, and less by the adaptability of administrations. Recommendations to foster implementation of and dialogue on C&I include the need for Italian sub-national administrations to transpose the Pan-European C&I into sub-national sets tailored to local circumstances by, for example, modifying existing C&I or integrating these into new customized indicator sets.     

碳源对静置/好氧/缺氧SBR脱氮除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,分别以丙酸钠、乙酸钠/丙酸钠(1∶2碳/碳)、乙酸钠和葡萄糖为外加碳源,建立同步脱氮除磷的静置/好氧/缺氧序批式反应器(SOA-SBR)。通过比较长期运行过程中各反应器的脱氮除磷效果,考察不同碳源对静置/好氧/缺氧SBR脱氮除磷性能的影响,并通过分析典型周期内氮、磷元素及微生物体内储能物质的变化,探究其影响机理。结果表明,丙酸钠为碳源时SBR能获得96%的最佳除磷效果以及78.3%的总氮去除率;乙酸钠为单一碳源时可取得92.3%的除磷率和93.7%的总氮去除率;而混合碳源对于氮、磷的去除能力介于丙酸钠和乙酸钠之间;葡萄糖为单一碳源时系统对于磷和总氮的去除率仅26%和36.7%。丙酸钠和乙酸钠均能取得良好的同步脱氮除磷效果,但乙酸钠对总氮去除能力更佳。通过分析典型周期中内聚物含量变化表明,微生物体内聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)和糖原质含量的变化与系统反硝化能力和溶解性正磷酸盐(SOP)去除效果呈正相关性。     

洪泽湖富营养化与环境理化因子间的关系

利用淮安市环境监测中心站1998年—2000年洪泽湖水质监测资料，以洪泽湖水体最能表征营养化状态进程的叶绿素a为基准因子，分析了洪泽湖水质富营养化的原因。通过QBASIC多元逐步回归分析，得出洪泽湖水质富营养化的主控因子是悬浮物、透明度，总磷是富营养化的潜在限制性营养盐。     

Farm‐level Economic and Water Quality Impacts of Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plan Implementation in the Ohio River Basin

In this article, we provide an assessment of comprehensive nutrient management plans (CNMPs) as a tool for addressing nonpoint nutrient and sediment losses from the animal feeding operations (AFOs) in the Ohio River Basin. We employ a macro modeling system to determine the aggregate economic and water quality impacts of CNMP implementation on AFOs in the entire basin. Results of the study indicate that implementing CNMPs on AFOs will help reduce sediment and organic nutrient losses from their current levels at moderate cost. The flexibility inherent in CNMP designs means farmers may be able to achieve water quality and other conservation goals at less cost with CNMPs than with other less flexible policy options.     

热解温度和时间对污泥生物碳理化性质的影响

污泥热解制备生物碳是一种环境友好的污泥处理处置途径。重点考察了热解温度及时间等因素对生物碳品质的影响。污泥取自厦门某城市污水处理厂脱水污泥（初始含水率为80%）,热解实验结果表明,随着热解温度的升高（从300～700℃）,热解时间的增加（2～4 h）,生物碳产率均下降;低温热解时（300℃）,生物碳偏酸性,而高温热解时（700℃）,生物碳偏碱性;生物碳N含量随着热解温度的升高、热解时间的增加而降低,而P、K及微量元素随着热解温度的升高,热解时间的增加而增加。DTPA浸提实验结果表明,高温热解能降低污泥生物碳中微量元素的有效性。     

三峡水库泄水期香溪河库湾营养盐动态及干流逆向影响

为了研究水库干流对支流库湾营养盐动态的影响,于2009年春季三峡水库汛前泄水期,通过监测分析了库湾水流特点及叶绿素a、总氮、总磷和溶解性硅酸盐的时空动态。研究发现:三峡水库汛前泄水期,库湾水体表现为分层异向流动,干流水体以异重流形式倒灌入库湾;特定的水流特性为泄水期库湾营养物质运移提供了水动力基础,水库干流对库湾营养盐的补给及水华暴发范围有明显逆向作用;受干流影响,氮和硅自河口至回水末端呈递减趋势,磷主要受上游来水影响,空间分布趋势与氮、硅相反;叶绿素a浓度峰值向上游移动,水华范围向上游收缩,河口处叶绿素a浓度的时间均值明显低于回水末端,表明三峡水库泄水期香溪河库湾下游水体水华受到干流逆向影响的抑制。     

Nutrient release from fish silage using microwave-enhanced advanced oxidation process

The microwave-enhanced advanced oxidation process was used to treat fish silage for nutrient release and solids reduction prior to its use as a fertilizer for greenhouse operations. Fifteen sets of experiments with varying hydrogen peroxide dosages and treatment temperatures were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the process on the solubilization of fertilizer constituents. It was found that up to 26% of total Kjeldahl nitrogen could be released as ammonia with 6% hydrogen peroxide dosage at 170°C. An increase of nitrate/nitrite concentration was observed with higher hydrogen peroxide dosage and higher microwave temperature; the highest concentration of 10.2 mg L^{? 1} nitrates/nitrites was achieved at at 170°C and 6% H₂O₂ dosage. Up to 20 ± 9.5% of total chemical oxygen demand was reduced at temperatures between 120 and 170°C. Large quantities of volatile fatty acids were generated at lower temperatures, corresponding to an increase in soluble chemical oxygen demand, but not at higher temperatures. The treatment of fish silage using the microwave-enhanced advanced oxidation process appears to be promising.     

富营养水体中浮游植物生长的营养限制研究

选取位于武汉城郊汤逊湖畔的30个养殖池塘作为研究对象,运用营养盐加富试验评价了浮游植物生长的氮磷限制类型。研究发现这些池塘的氮磷含量均较高,尤其是TP,绝大部分都在0.4 mg/L以上,TN/TP(原子比)变化范围为1.7~20.3。相关分析显示,浮游植物的生物量与氮素(TN,TDN,NO3-,NH4+,NO2-)显著正相关(r=0.402~0.677,P<0.05);但与磷素(TP,TDP,PO43-)无显著相关性(P>0.05)。营养盐加富试验显示浮游植物群落对加N的响应程度要显著大于加P;受N限制的池塘数量占50%;P限制的占13.3%;N、P共同限制的占23.3%;而不受N、P影响的仅占13.3%。这些结果表明:在富营养的水体中,当TP浓度>0.4 mg/L且TN/TP<20时,N是限制浮游植物生长的主要因子,P处于第二位。     

中国区域土壤表观氮磷平衡清单及政策建议

利用OECD表观氮平衡模型框架,建立了中国表观氮磷平衡核算的框架、方法和数据库.模型结果表明,2003年中国土壤表观氮磷盈余总量分别为640×10⁴　t和98×10⁴　t,氮磷盈余强度分别为16.56 kg/hm²和2.53 kg/hm².由于中国氮磷平衡区域分布严重不平衡,面临着氮磷盈余管理和氮磷缺损管理的双重压力.化肥和畜禽粪便是中国土壤氮磷投入最主要的来源,因此是中国氮磷盈余管理最佳切入点.由于各地氮磷投入结构各异,在氮磷盈余严重的中东部地区,不宜采用“一刀切”的政策,而应针对不同地区氮磷输入的特点进行氮磷盈余管理.     

长江口盐沼植物对营养盐和重金属的吸收、分布与滞留研究

测定3种盐沼植物体内TN、TP、重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量,计算了3种盐沼植物地上部分TN、TP和重金属库的大小.结果表明,3种盐沼植物在养分的分配模式上显著不同,3种盐沼植物地上部分重金属含量均低于地下部分;互花米草地上部分的养分库和重金属库均大于芦苇和海三棱镳草,表明其对养分和重金属的吸收与滞留效率更高.如果从湿地植物净化的角度来考虑,收获互花米草对河口环境的净化作用最佳,特别对P的去除效率最高;但另一方面,互花米草的入侵将会显著改变长江口湿地生态系统的生物地球化学循环过程,如提高沉积物中重金属的生物可利用性,有可能把更多的重金属输入河口水体和食物网,使湿地成为重金属的源而不是汇.