我国中部地区大气CO2柱浓度时空分布

基于日本GOSAT及美国AIRS反演数据产品,对我国中部六省大气CO₂时空分布特征进行研究,结果表明：由GOSAT反演的中部地区2010~2013年大气CO₂年均柱浓度由389.36×10^-6增长到396.52×10^-6,年均绝对增长率达2.39×10^-6/a,呈现出冬春季高值、夏秋季低值的季节变化特征,其柱浓度年均值及去长期趋势后的月均值均略低于长三角地区,高于京津冀和东三省地区;其CO₂柱浓度高值区集中在湖南、江西及周边一带,年均绝对增长率为2.01×10^-6,其柱浓度年均值及去长期趋势后的月均值与长三角地区相当,略低于京津冀和东三省地区,由于受地面源汇影响较小,其与GOSAT反演结果相反,可能是由于AIRS反映了对流层中层大气状况,而GOSAT则更多地反映了近地面层大气CO₂变化.     

兰州市南山季节性土壤微生物特征及影响因素

为了探究不同季节和不同植被类型对土壤微生物分布的影响,以兰州市南山不同海拔的两种植被类型为研究对象,采用稀释涂布平板法测定了土壤微生物的季节动态变化特征.结果表明：研究区内细菌数量占微生物总数的96.22%~99.80%,远高于真菌和放线菌数量.土壤微生物类群随季节变化呈现明显差异,其总数整体表现为夏季最高,为89.22×10⁶cfu/g soil,分别是春、秋、冬季的12.02、3.28、2.74倍,其中夏季细菌数量最高,真菌与放线菌数量均在春季达到最大值.人工林样地土壤微生物数量略低于荒坡,环境因子中土壤含水量和有机碳含量高于荒坡.随着海拔的升高,pH值逐渐上升,土壤温度、有机碳与全氮含量逐渐下降,土壤微生物总数则呈现先减少后增加的趋势.相关分析表明,不同季节各微生物类群与环境因子的相关系数各有不同,春季放线菌与有机碳,秋季真菌与有机碳、全氮均呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）.冗余分析表明,环境因子中有机碳与第一物种轴的相关系数最高,为0.520,说明土壤有机碳含量是影响土壤微生物类群分布的主导因素.     

近10年中国三大经济区太阳总辐射特征及其与O3、PM2.5的关系

采用中国地面气象观测站网2007~2016年的辐射日值数据集和中国空气质量在线监测平台2014~2016年逐日观测数据,分析了京津冀、长三角和珠三角近10a太阳总辐射年际和季节变化,近3a臭氧日最大8h平均（O_{3_8h_max}）和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的污染过程频次变化,通过不同因子及其不同强度等级的分型统计,探讨PM_2.5、O_{3_8h_max}与太阳总辐射的关系.结果表明：京津冀近10a太阳总辐射显著上升,京津冀春季和珠三角夏季太阳总辐射显著上升.三大经济区PM_2.5污染过程年频次均呈现逐年递减,且从北到南递减;O₃污染过程年频次时间上呈现先减后增,空间上京津冀多于长三角和珠三角.三大经济区O_{3_8h_max}与太阳总辐射相关系数均在0.71以上,有较强的正相关;而PM_2.5与太阳总辐射的相关性具有区域差异性.三大经济区不同季节不同太阳总辐射下O_{3_8h_max}与PM_2.5的相关关系差异显著,其中京津冀春夏秋三季O_{3_8h_max}与PM_2.5在强太阳总辐射下有较好的正相关,冬季则存在一定的负相关;长三角四季两者相关性均较弱;珠三角夏季两者正相关最为显著;不同PM_2.5浓度下O_{3_8h_max}与太阳总辐射的线性拟合效果较好,体现出较强的正相关关系,各经济区拟合曲线的倾向率均随PM_2.5升高而增大.PM_2.5>75μg/m³时拟合优度均达到最大.     

Nanoencapsulation of hexavalent chromium with nanoscale zero-valent iron: High resolution chemical mapping of the passivation layer

Solid phase reactions of Cr(Ⅵ) with Fe(0) were investigated with spherical-aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy(Cs-STEM) integrated with X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy(XEDS). Near-atomic resolution elemental mappings of Cr(Ⅵ)–Fe(0) reactions were acquired. Experimental results show that rate and extent of Cr(Ⅵ) encapsulation are strongly dependent on the initial concentration of Cr(Ⅵ) in solution. Low Cr loading in nZⅥ(1.0 wt%) promotes the electrochemical oxidation and continuous corrosion of n ZⅥ while high Cr loading(1.0 wt%) can quickly shut down the Cr uptake. With the progress of iron oxidation and dissolution, elements of Cr and O counter-diffuse into the nanoparticles and accumulate in the core region at low levels of Cr(Ⅵ)(e.g., 10 mg/L). Whereas the reacted n ZⅥ is quickly coated with a newly-formed layer of 2–4 nm in the presence of concentrated Cr(Ⅵ)(e.g., 100 mg/L). The passivation structure is stable over a wide range of pH unless pH is low enough to dissolve the passivation layer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) depth profiling reconfirms that the composition of the newly-formed surface layer consists of Fe(Ⅲ)–Cr(Ⅲ)(oxy)hydroxides with Cr(Ⅵ) adsorbed on the outside surface. The insoluble and insulating Fe(Ⅲ)–Cr(Ⅲ)(oxy)hydroxide layer can completely cover the n ZⅥ surface above the critical Cr loading and shield the electron transfer. Thus, the fast passivation of nZⅥ in high Cr(Ⅵ) solution is detrimental to the performance of nZⅥ for Cr(Ⅵ) treatment and remediation.     

Seasonal variation and size distribution of biogenic secondary organic aerosols at urban and continental background sites of China

Size-resolved biogenic secondary organic aerosols(BSOA) derived from isoprene and monoterpene photooxidation in Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau(a continental background site) and five cities of China were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Concentrations of the determined BSOA are higher in the cities than in the background and are also higher in summer than in winter. Moreover, strong positive correlations(R2= 0.44–0.90) between BSOA and sulfate were found at the six sites,suggesting that anthropogenic pollution(i.e., sulfate) could enhance SOA formation,because sulfate provides a surface favorable for acid-catalyzed formation of BSOA. Size distribution measurements showed that most of the determined SOA tracers are enriched in the fine mode( 3.3 μm) except for cis-pinic and cis-pinonic acids, both presented a comparable mass in the fine and coarse( 3.3 μm) modes, respectively. Mass ratio of oxidation products derived from isoprene to those from monoterpene in the five urban regions during summer are much less than those in Qinghai Lake region. In addition, in the five urban regions relative abundances of monoterpene oxidation products to SOA are much higher than those of isoprene. Such phenomena suggest that BSOA derived from monoterpenes are more abundant than those from isoprene in Chinese urban areas.     

可靠性强化试验技术在某型伺服作动器研制中的适用性探索

目的探索可靠性强化试验技术在典型机电液一体化产品伺服作动器研制过程中的适用性。方法以某型伺服作动器为研究对象,从故障激发的角度对可靠性强化试验技术的应用进行可行性分析,在响应调查和应力分析的基础上,结合产品的工作特点设计适用于该类伺服作动器的可靠性强化试验方案,包含低温步进应力试验、高温步进应力试验、快速温度循环试验10个循环、振动步进应力试验(包含气锤式三轴向六自由度超高斯随机振动方式及电磁振动台随机振动方式)及综合环境应力试验5个循环,并依此进行试验。结果在快速温度循环试验及综合环境应力试验过程中,均有效地激发出了产品的漏油故障,与相似产品外场暴露的漏油故障模式相吻合。结论可靠性强化试验技术可有效地应用于典型机电液一体化产品伺服作动器的研制过程,设计的可靠性强化试验方案可有效地激发外场出现频率较高的故障,可作为该类产品研制的试验手段之一。     

基于有限元分析的橡胶减振器优化设计

目的加快橡胶减振器的设计过程。方法分析橡胶材料及Mooney-Rivllin橡胶本构模型特点,介绍橡胶减振器应用特点及隔振设计的相关理论,采用Mooney-Rivllin模型模拟橡胶材料的力学特性,通过引进有限元优化技术,在设计初期保证减振器的刚度特性。结果在某设备减振设计中,采用单轴拉压曲线获取了橡胶材料的Mooney-Rivllin模型参数,以减振器的部分结构尺寸为设计参数,减振器的三向刚度为设计目标,获取了三轴向频率近似相等的隔振系统(轴向频率40 Hz、径向频率40.9 Hz)。通过试验测试,减振系统频率与试验值差别较小,其中轴向差别为2%,径向差别为1%。结论通过引进有限元优化技术,采用合理的橡胶本构模型,可以满足工程精度要求,加速了橡胶减振器的设计过程。     

黔西南喀斯特地区红色风化壳的物源及元素迁移特征

南方喀斯特地区广泛分布着大量的红色风化壳,其成因及形成机制目前还存在争议。本文以贵州黔西南布依族苗族自治州泥凼石林的两处红色风化壳剖面(ND和YK)为研究对象,来探讨风化剖面上覆红土的物源问题,并计算其主、微量元素及稀土元素的迁移规律,认为本研究两处风化壳上覆红土为下伏基岩原位风化形成的,而且两剖面土壤均继承各自基岩的地球化学特征,并由于pH、风化强度等因素的影响表现出了元素迁移特征上的差异性。     

兰州地区大气臭氧时空变化及影响因素研究

本文采用OMI臭氧遥感数据,结合甲醛垂直柱浓度、气象数据以及经济数据,分析了2005~2015年兰州地区臭氧柱浓度时空变化格局,并探索了影响臭氧的新气象因子,总结达到臭氧污染的日照、气压等气象条件,确定影响臭氧柱浓度的主要人为源并确定其限域。结果表明:1)2005~2015年夏季柱浓度值最高,冬季、秋季次之,春季最低;夏季波动幅度最大,其余三季波动幅度较小且平稳。2)11年中,臭氧柱浓度具有较大的波动。2005年至2010年快速增长到最高值331.997 DU。2010年之后,臭氧柱浓度缓慢下降,2014年起有回升趋势。3)OMI遥感数据具有较高的可靠性,并根据AQI的线性关系划分了臭氧柱浓度的污染等级。结果指示了11年大气臭氧空间变化,2005~2009年5年间研究区全区空气质量一直处于良,2010年全区轻度污染,后两年污染逐渐减弱,2013~2015年全区恢复至良。4)根据兰州发展的趋势以及周边城市的关系,划分了兰州经济圈及功能区,并结合臭氧柱浓度空间分布图得出臭氧污染与经济特征的密切关系。5)正弦模型拟合后臭氧柱浓度变化趋势呈不明显的周期性,说明臭氧的人为来源贡献较大。6)创新探索影响臭氧污染的新气象因子(日照、气压等参数),并确定其重要人为源限域。     

Monitoring Air Quality in Mountains: Designing an Effective Network

A quantitatively robust yet parsimonious air-quality monitoring network in mountainous regions requires special attention to relevant spatial and temporal scales of measurement and inference. The design of monitoring networks should focus on the objectives required by public agencies, namely: 1) determine if some threshold has been exceeded (e.g., for regulatory purposes), and 2) identify spatial patterns and temporal trends (e.g., to protect natural resources). A short-term, multi-scale assessment to quantify spatial variability in air quality is a valuable asset in designing a network, in conjunction with an evaluation of existing data and simulation-model output. A recent assessment in Washington state (USA) quantified spatial variability in tropospheric ozone distribution ranging from a single watershed to the western third of the state. Spatial and temporal coherence in ozone exposure modified by predictable elevational relationships ( 1.3 ppbv ozone per 100 m elevation gain) extends from urban areas to the crest of the Cascade Range. This suggests that a sparse network of permanent analyzers is sufficient at all spatial scales, with the option of periodic intensive measurements to validate network design. It is imperative that agencies cooperate in the design of monitoring networks in mountainous regions to optimize data collection and financial efficiencies.