好氧-沉淀-厌氧工艺处理效能及抗冲击负荷研究

以传统活性污泥法（CAS）为参照,系统研究了好氧-沉淀-厌氧（OSA）污泥减量工艺连续运行240 d,污水处理效果、污泥性能、温度波动和难降解有毒物质的冲击对系统稳定性的影响.结果表明,OSA工艺废水处理效率整体上优于CAS工艺,COD去除效率略高于CAS,总氮、总磷去除率分别比CAS高出42 .58%和53 .84%.OSA和CAS工艺每100 g好氧污泥中生物结合的磷分别是2 .69 g和1 .11 g,进一步证实了OSA工艺有生物除磷功能.由于厌氧-好氧耦合,OSA污泥沉降性能和污泥活性都得到改善,SVI稳定在97左右, SOUR和脱氢酶活性均高于CAS污泥.OSA污泥胞外多聚物中蛋白质浓度比CAS高出1 .69 mg·g^-1,多糖浓度要比CAS低6 .7 mg·g^-1,解释了OSA污泥沉降性能改善的原因,也证实了污泥厌氧池的插入对污泥性能、微生物种群结构的影响.OSA工艺对温度波动的影响滞后于CAS工艺3～4 d,出水COD、NH^＋₄-Ｎ、SS均升高,污泥产率Y_{（ＭＬＳＳ/COD)}降低至0 .403 mg·mg^-1和0 .227 mg·mg^-1.OSA受对-硝基苯酚（PNP）的冲击比CAS更敏感,PNP浓度为10 mg·L^-1,系统完全失去脱氮除磷功能.OSA系统受温度和PNP冲击后,比CAS更难修复.     

佛山市不同陶瓷车间内空气TSP中金属元素的分析

用小流量TSP采样器对佛山市4家陶瓷企业内无组织排放特征明显的车间TSP进行了测定,并采用ICP-MS技术对TSP的金属元素成分进行了分析,测试结果中,共有43种金属元素被检出,各车间内主要金属元素浓度值较高。TSP中金属元素富集因子的研究结果表明,共有11类元素富集值大于10而出现了富集的特征,另有14个元素富集值低于1。以元素富集因子进行的聚类分析,除8种富集元素外,35种金属元素聚集成一个大类群。     

气象要素变化对城市空气质量影响的评估方法与应用——以PM2.5为例

从城市尺度空气质量模型和平流扩散理论出发,通过对气象要素归类,利用空气质量与各类气象条件对应排放源强表征量的关联,建立了气象要素变化对城市空气质量影响的评估方法.该方法考虑了包括风(风速和风向)、云量、太阳辐射强度、大气稳定度、混合层高度等基本气象要素,能定量有效评估长期气象要素变化对空气质量的改善幅度.该方法在河南省鹤壁市的应用表明,相对2020年,2021年PM_2.5浓度下降7.2μg/m³,气象要素变化和人为减排分别下降0.4和6.8μg/m³,占改善浓度的5.6%和94.4%,人努力起到主导作用;从季度来看,大气污染防治工作使夏、秋、冬季PM_2.5浓度均有所降低,其中冬季下降27.8μg/m³,减排措施贡献16.8μg/m³,人努力效果尤为显著.     

酸沉降对马尾松菌根共生蛋白及营养关系影响

研究模拟酸雨及不同Ｃａ／Ａｌ比对马尾松（Ｐｉｎｕｓｍ ａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａ Ｌａｍ ｂ．）菌根中真菌与植物共生及营养关系的影响,在分子水平上揭示污染对生物的作用和生物抗性机理．当ｐＨ２０ 的模拟酸雨与铝共同作用时,马尾松菌根中酸性磷酸酶、硝酸还原酶以及海藻糖酶和甘露醇脱氢酶活性明显下降,即ｐＨ２０ 的模拟酸雨及铝离子对马尾松幼苗根的磷、氮吸收以及两共生生物之间的营养物质交换过程产生了影响,且铝离子在ｐＨ值低的情况下毒性作用更强;而钙能有效地缓解铝的毒性⒚在本实验中当Ｃａ／Ａｌ比为１／１ 时,缓解能力最强;在接种外生菌根真菌彩色豆马勃（Ｐｉｓｏｌｉｔｈｕｓｔｉｎｃｔｏｒｉｕｓ）后,马尾松幼苗根部酶活性仍能保持一定水平,植物对模拟酸雨及铝毒的抗性增强．菌根形成初期,经等点聚焦电泳后分离出在植物及真菌纯培养中均不存在的共生蛋白,其等电点为４７０,经ｐＨ２０的模拟酸雨处理后该蛋白仍存在     

Biosynthetic origin of carbon-based secondary compounds: cause of variable responses of woody plants to fertilization?

Summary. We propose that variation in the responses of carbon-based secondary compounds to fertilization in woody plants has a biosynthetic cause. The synthesis of phenylpropanoids and derived compounds (e.g., condensed tannins) competes directly with the synthesis of proteins, and therefore with plant growth, because of a common precursor, phenylalanine. In contrast, the biosynthesis of terpenoids and of hydrolyzable tannins proceeds presumably without direct competition with protein synthesis. Therefore, accelerated plant growth induced by fertilization may cause a reduction in concentrations of phenylpropanoids but may affect less or not at all the levels of other classes of secondary compounds. A meta-analysis based on fertilization experiments with 35 woody plant species supported the predicted differences fertilizing significantly decreased concentrations of phenylpropanoids but not of terpenoids or hydrolyzable tannins. Received 14 May 1998; accepted 23 June 1998.     

水稻专用叶面营养液对水稻生长及其主要生理特性的影响

通过田间小区试验及大田示范的对比,研究了专用叶面营养液的适宜喷期及其对水稻的生理特性：根系活力、养分吸收、叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率等和产量的影响.研究结果表明：适宜喷期在植后7-10天,并喷施1次,效果最好.专用叶面营养液使水稻根系活力在分蘖盛期、灌浆期明显提高;显著提高分蘖盛期叶片及灌浆期剑叶的叶绿素含量,促进剑叶提高光合速率及水稻对N、P、K营养的吸收;增加水稻灌浆期剑叶蛋白质含量.水稻喷施叶面营养液在生理上发生显著变化,促进分蘖增加,有效穗增加,稻秆矮壮,通过增加水稻灌浆期叶片的光合能力而加速碳水化合物向穗部的输送,达到增加千粒重及产量的目的.     

Implementation of airborne trace element monitoring with devitalised transplants of Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw.: assessment of temporal trends and element contribution by vehicular traffic in Naples city

A biomonitoring of airborne trace elements was performed in 2006 in Naples urban area through the exposure of devitalised Hypnum cupressiforme for 10 weeks at 4 m height. In one street, the moss was exposed at different heights to assess vertical gradients of element concentrations. Results were compared with those of a 1999 biosurvey. Correlations among Al, Fe and Ti suggested a soil particles contribution to element uptake. Cu, Mo and Fe were related with traffic flows. Long-range transport contributed to Cd, Cu and Mo accumulation in moss at higher heights. As in 1999, the airborne element load was higher in coastal sites, more affected by marine aerosols and traffic. In all sites, contents of Cd, Fe, Pb, Ni and V in moss were remarkably lower than in 1999, indicating a positive effect of actions set up in recent years to reduce the traffic and to improve the city air quality.     

Influence of fly ash aided phytostabilisation of Pb, Cd and Zn highly contaminated soils on Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens metal transfer and physiological stress

Due to anthropogenic activities, large extends of soils are highly contaminated by Metal Trace Element (MTE). Aided phytostabilisation aims to establish a vegetation cover in order to promote in situ immobilisation of trace elements by combining the use of metal-tolerant plants and inexpensive mineral or organic soil amendments. Eight years after Coal Fly Ash (CFA) soil amendment, MTE bioavailability and uptake by two plants, Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens, were evaluated, as some biological markers reflecting physiological stress. Results showed that the two plant species under study were suitable to reduce the mobility and the availability of these elements. Moreover, the plant growth was better on CFA amended MTE-contaminated soils, and the plant sensitivity to MTE-induced physiological stress, as studied through photosynthetic pigment contents and oxidative damage was lower or similar. In conclusion, these results supported the usefulness of aided phytostabilisation of MTE-highly contaminated soils.     

An experimental study on using rare earth elements to trace phosphorous losses from nonpoint sources

Controlling phosphorous (P) inputs through management of its sources and transport is critical for limiting freshwater eutrophication. In this study, characteristics of exogenous rare earth elements (REEs) and P and their losses with surface runoff (both in the water and sediments) during simulated rainfall experiments (83 mm h⁻¹) were investigated. The results revealed that on average most REEs (La, 94%; Nd, 93%; Sm, 96%) and P (96%) transported with sediments in the runoff. The total amounts of losses of REEs and P in the runoff were significantly correlated, suggesting the possibility of using REEs to trace the fate of agricultural nonpoint P losses.