水稻对土壤营养元素吸收系数及吸收限的研究

通过研究广东省江门市三个不同优质稻产地土壤中相同元素对水稻品质造成不同影响的特点,如都斛土壤中的N与水稻胶稠度呈正相关关系,而在牛江则呈较强负相关关系;都斛土壤中的Mo与水稻的不完善粒呈较强负相关关系,而在牛江则呈正相关关系。根据吸收系数与土壤营养元素关系,得出作物对营养元素的吸收限。当土壤能给作物提供足够的营养元素时,作物对土壤营养元素的吸收存在一个极限,土壤元素含量接近这个极限时,作物对元素的吸收达到饱和,对元素的吸收系数则低;当土壤营养元素供给能力不足时,作物对营养元素吸收能力较强,对元素吸收系数较高。通过对比各元素及指标与稻谷感官品质相关关系并评分,得出土壤营养元素含量越偏离水稻对营养元素的吸收限,则对水稻品质的影响越大的结论,由此解释了不同省份农业地质调查中农作物元素与土壤元素相关关系混乱甚至矛盾的问题,为水稻的施肥提供了科学合理的依据     

再生纤维素膜的微生物降解

采用田间掩埋、平皿培养和ＣＯ２释放试验分别测试了再生纤维素膜的生物降解性。试验结果表明：膜的失重随掩埋时间而增加;不同试验菌株对膜有不贩降解活性,其顺序为木霉Ｔ－３１１〉黑曲霉Ａ－３０５〉青霉Ｐ－３０７;掩埋或用菌株Ｔ－３１１接种４２ｄ后,膜的生物降解率可超过７０％;在膜的微生物降解过程中,失重、菌株在膜表面的可见生长和ＣＯ２释放分别是膜不同降解程度的表征,彼此既相关又有区别。     

从威宁草海的演化分析0.73Ma来贵州威宁地区喀斯特环境的演变

根据草海0.73 Ma.B.P的沉积记录和林树基等的草海研究成果,结合威宁地区喀斯特环境特征,以及贵州喀斯特溶洞及层状地貌、新构造运动等,确定了草海泥炭沼泽发育与喀斯特夷平面、层状溶洞、河流阶地之间的关系,大尺度上恢复喀斯特环境的侵蚀速率。建立了威宁地区岩溶发育期次,即经历了较强—缓慢—强烈—缓慢—强烈的五个发育阶段。认为喀斯特岩溶发育严格受构造控制,并且新构造运动是威宁地区喀斯特侵蚀速率主要控制因素。这一大尺度研究方法,为贵州喀斯特环境变迁的研究提供了新的研究思路。     

基于无人机建模的尾矿库溃坝事故推演*

为诠释尾矿库溃坝后水砂演进过程,提升尾矿库事故灾害应急处置能力,采用无人机倾斜摄影技术获取尾矿库全息影像,建立尾矿库三维数字高程模型,导入三维流体计算软件对尾矿库进行溃坝事故推演。结果表明:尾矿库实景三维模型能高精度还原尾矿库实际情况,尾矿库溃坝将淹没库区临时厂房建筑及下游村落;其中,上游沟谷临时厂房建筑水位高程最大达8 m,尾砂淤积厚度最高达10.5 m,下游沟谷村落水位高程最大达10 m,尾砂淤积厚度最高达2.5 m;通过对库区下游布设监测点,得出各监测点处水位高程和尾砂淤积厚度变化规律,分析溃坝主要影响区域。研究结果可为尾矿库风险防控、应急响应工作提供借鉴。     

串叶松香草生物量和营养成分动态及其对土壤理化性质的影响

田间试验和化学分析结果表明,串叶松香草两个品种４个生育期的茎、叶产量均以Ａ型＞Ｂ型,在３ａ内串叶松香草产量随生长年限增加,且以Ａ型品种产量高．串叶松香草３个生育期叶片氨基酸和蛋白质含量高于茎,并以Ａ型品种现蕾期为最高;两个品种氨基酸组分以Ａｓｐ、Ｇｌｕ、Ｌｅｕ和Ｌｙｓ含量高,各生育期氨基酸组分含量变化规律不同．串叶松香草的粗脂肪、Ｃａ、Ｐ和灰分含量以叶＞茎,而粗纤维和可溶性糖含量却以茎中较高．除粗纤维外,其余饲用成分含量均随生育期的出现而呈递降之趋势．串叶松香草现蕾期Ｎ、Ｋ含量和莲座期Ｐ含量达最高．种植３ａ后串叶松香草明显改善土壤物理性质,提高土壤酶活性,明显降低土壤有效Ｎ、Ｐ和Ｋ含量     

The economics of land application of fresh and composted broiler litter with an environmental constraint

Land application of broiler litter is a common disposal method due to its value as a fertiliser substitute, but presents potential environmental problems because of nutrient runoff. Composting has been suggested as an alternative due to the formation of more stable organic components. The land application of fresh and composted broiler litter are compared as alternative disposal methods. The costs of land application of broiler litter are dominated by spreading because of low nutrient densities relative to commercial fertilisers. Composting broiler litter before land application appears to be substantially less economically attractive than land application of fresh broiler litter because of high costs of production and higher spreading costs due to even lower nutrient density. However, when environmental constraints are placed on the phosphorus concentration from hayfield runoff, composting becomes a more attractive alternative. Composting becomes more viable as the land base for application becomes smaller relative to broiler production; as alternative disposal costs for litter become higher; and as environmental constraints become stricter.     

BENEFITS FROM MANAGING FARM PRODUCED NUTRIENTS1

Manures and fertilizers are applied to agricultural lands in excess of recommended amounts, resulting in widespread pollution of surface and ground water and contributing a substantial source of greenhouse gases associated with global warming. By developing policies that exploit the value of farm produced nutrients, input costs can be minimized. Better accounting for or crediting of farm produced nutrients is leading to economically beneficial conservation of fertilizer. In addition, hog producers who own enough land may benefit from properly managing manure nutrients. Poultry litter is valuable as fertilizer and can be marketed by independent dealers to farmers in nutrient deficit areas, with very modest assistance from the government. Dairy producers may modify their past income support programs to finance central compost facilities. Although nutrient problems were neglected in the past, recent Federal initiatives and joint initiatives with states exploit many of these and other opportunities to avoid excessive application of nutrients to the land.     

额济纳绿洲生态环境演变的研究

根据实地考察和资料分析,对内蒙古额济纳绿洲生态环境的演变进行了研究,并提出防止绿洲生态环境退化的措施     

滇池水体和沉积物中营养盐的分布特征

在滇池外海不同方位选取6个采样点,研究了水质现状,沉积物Eh,pH,总氮,总磷以及间隙水重金属的剖面分布特征。结果表明,滇池水体仍属富营养化状态。在氧化表层下,Eh随沉积深度的增加迅速降低,沉积物深层为还原状态。pH在沉积物剖面变化不大,为7 0～8 5。滇池沉积物含有丰富的营养物质,总氮和总磷最高质量分数分别为8 67和3 46g kg。剖面分布表明,沉积物表层总氮和总磷含量远高于底层,在表层0～10cm含量随深度增加而迅速降低。重金属元素在水-土界面的浓度梯度为沉积物向水体的扩散提供了条件。不同采样点相比,位于昆明市附近的S6点沉积物内负荷较大。在外源减少的情况下,沉积物内负荷可能在一定时间内成为控制滇池水质的主导因子。      

露天矿边坡岩体裂隙测量与卸荷破坏的数值模拟研究*

为探究露天矿不同高度边坡卸荷破坏模式的异同,以辽宁鞍山大孤山铁矿某岩质边坡为背景,利用边坡岩体内优势裂隙组产状、迹长和密度等随机分布参数,构建与边坡结构面具有相似分布规律的二维网络模型,借助PFC数值计算软件,探讨不同开采水平下坡体位移场和裂隙发展的时空演化规律以及边坡的破坏模式。研究结果表明:在边坡开挖过程中,出现的裂隙以张拉裂隙为主;裂隙主要出现在靠近坡面一定范围内,从坡面向里,裂隙数量减小,裂隙初始出现在坡脚区域,而后向坡顶发展;边坡开挖后,水平位移由负变为正,且突然增大,而后呈现阶跃型增长;边坡水平和竖向位移最大值发生在坡脚区域和靠近坡面位置,远离坡面,位移逐渐减小。