冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件自动寻优方法

目的 通过自动寻优制定冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件,避免冲击“过试验”。方法 根据冲击响应谱的基本原理和谱型特征,提出利用对数距离量化评价2条谱型的吻合度。对冲击环境和后峰锯齿脉冲分别进行冲击响应谱分析,将2条冲击响应谱之间的对数距离最小作为优化目标,将后峰锯齿脉冲的波形参数作为优化参数,基于自适应差分进化算法,提出冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件自动寻优方法。结果 将所提方法分别应用于模拟冲击环境和实测冲击环境,均获得了合理的后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件,验证了所提方法的正确性。结论 提出的基于自适应差分进化算法的冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件自动寻优方法正确可行。     

LAND COVER AS A FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING RISK OF WATER POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: A survey of numerous field studies shows that nitrogen and phosphorous export coefficients are significantly different across forest, agriculture, and urban land‐cover types. We used simulations to estimate the land‐cover composition at which there was a significant risk of nutrient loads representative of watersheds without forest cover. The results suggest that at between 20 percent and 30 percent nonforest cover, there is a 10 percent or greater chance of N or P nutrient loads being equivalent to the median values of predominantly agricultural or urban watersheds. The methods apply to environmental management for assessing the risk to increased nonpoint nutrient pollution. Interpretation of the risk measures are discussed relative to their application for a single watershed and across a region comprised of several watersheds.     

BIOGEOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CHANGE ON U.S. NATIONAL PARKS1

ABSTRACT: Federal parks and other public lands have unique mandates and rules regulating their use and conservation. Because of variation in their response to local, regional, and global‐scale disturbance, development of mitigation strategies requires substantial research in the context of long‐term inventory and monitoring. In 1982, the National Park Service began long‐term, watershed‐level studies in a series of national parks. The objective was to provide a more comprehensive database against which the effects of global change and other issues could be quantified. A subset of five sites in North Carolina, Texas, Washington, Michigan, and Alaska, is examined here. During the last 50 years, temperatures have declined at the southern sites and increased at the northern sites with the greatest increase in Alaska. Only the most southern site has shown an increase in precipitation amount. The net effect of these trends, especially for the most northern and southern sites, would likely be an increase in the growing season and especially the time soil processes could continue without moisture or temperature limitations. During the last 18 years, there were few trends in atmospheric ion inputs. The most evident was the decline in SO₄² deposition. There were no significant relationships between ion input and stream water output. This finding suggests other factors as modification of precipitation or canopy throughfall by soil processes, hydrologic flow path, and snowmelt rates are major processes regulating stream water chemical outputs.     

近距双线盾构隧道开挖诱发地层变形演变规律及数值模拟

双线平行隧道盾构施工相互扰动作用对其诱发的地层变形分布特征和演变规律影响显著。以某地铁双线盾构隧道工程为例,考虑双线平行隧道间距与盾构施工相互作用影响,采用数值模拟和现场实测相结合的方法对双线平行隧道盾构施工引起的地层变形演变规律进行了对比分析,并提出了考虑近远距状态的双线平行隧道盾构施工地层变形预测模型。研究结果表明,双线盾构隧道施工地层竖向变形曲线由“V”形发展为非对称“W”形分布,沉降槽宽度由6D扩大为10D,地层深度越深非对称“双峰”特征越明显;地层水平变形曲线以两隧道中线为轴线呈反对称分布,两隧道间区域土体变形受施工扰动影响显著;地表沉降曲线分布随双线隧道近远距变化由深“V”形—浅“V”形—“U”形—浅“W”形—深“W”形—两独立“V”形演变,采用L cr=2CKH可作为双线平行盾构隧道近远距状态临界判据,本文提出的预测模型能较好地反映近远距状态及施工相互扰动对双线平行隧道盾构施工地层变形的影响规律。研究成果可为类似地铁隧道盾构施工变形预测与精细化控制提供科学参考。     

突发事件人群信息对冲传播演化规律分析研究

为更深入地剖析社会网络中信息传播的对冲规律,基于多智能体建模方法构建人群信息传播模型(agent-social-network model, ASN),该模型包括个体在进行行为决策时的理性及非理性判断因素、典型信息传播机制、个体决策间可能存在的影响关系等典型要素;并结合2个真实的社会关系网络,基于Monte Carlo方法设计传播模拟实验,探讨突发事件人群信息对冲传播演化规律。研究结果表明：一定条件下,负面信息对冲有利于群体内响应人数的增加,必要情况下可主动构建信息对冲机制加速应急信息的扩散和响应速度;从众行为会降低群体的响应人数,需要在应急演练中特别关注社会公众的从众效应并避免其消极影响。研究结果可为突发事件下面向公众的危机信息传播策略制定和推演提供理论参考。     

Considerations for using alternative technologies in nutrient management on Cape Cod: Beyond cost and performance

Mitigating non-point source nitrogen in coastal estuaries is economically, environmentally, logistically, and socially challenging. On Cape Cod, Massachusetts, nitrogen management includes both traditional, centralized wastewater treatment and sewering as well as a number of alternative technologies. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 37 participants from governmental and non-governmental organizations as well as related industries to identify the barriers and opportunities for the use of alternative technologies to mitigate nitrogen pollution. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and then analyzed using content analysis and rhetorical analysis. Cost and technical capacity to reduce nitrogen were the most discussed considerations. Beyond those, there were a slew of additional considerations that also impacted whether a technology would be installed, permitted, and socially accepted. These included: maintenance and monitoring logistics, comparisons to sewering, co-benefits, risk/uncertainty, community culture, extent of public engagement, permitting/regulatory challenges, and siting considerations. The insights about these additional considerations are valuable for transferring to other coastal areas managing nutrient impairments that may have not yet factored in these considerations when making decisions about how to meet water quality goals.     

中国城市碳排放强度的时空演变、动态跃迁及收敛趋势

合理控制城市碳排放强度对于中国实现碳达峰、碳中和目标愿景以及应对气候变化的意义重大.采用夜间灯光数据反演得到2001～2020年城市碳排放量,测算碳排放强度,并对城市碳排放强度的时空演变、动态跃迁及收敛趋势进行研究.结果表明：(1)中国城市碳排放强度持续下降,从2001年的2.79 t·万元-1降至2020年的0.88 t·万元-1,年均降幅5.94%.各大区域城市碳排放强度的差距存在收敛特征.空间分布上,城市碳排放强度的高值区集中在东北地区,以及内蒙古、宁夏和陕西等地,南北地区差异拉大,中南部与东部地区的碳排放强度降幅明显,高低集聚层次分明.(2)中国城市碳排放强度的global Moran’s I较高,均值为0.436,空间自相关性显著.碳排放强度以城市自身与邻域城市均未发生跃迁的类型为主,不同类型间时空跃迁的概率较低,凝聚度指数高达82.57%.跃迁类型的稳态较高,碳排放强度的时空演变存在空间锁定效应和“俱乐部趋同”现象.(3)城市碳排放强度的σ收敛不显著,但存在绝对β收敛和条件β收敛.绝对β收敛速度差异明显,全国的收敛速度为3.137%.东部和西部地区的收敛速度略低,分别仅有3...     

不同比例硫酸铵替代尿素对玉米根际土壤环境及微生物群落的影响

为了探究工业副产物硫酸铵以不同比例替代尿素做为氮肥施入土壤后对土壤养分以及微生物群落的影响,进行了盆栽玉米试验.试验采用完全随机设计方法,共设置 5 个处理:CK（不施肥）、U₁₀ S₀ （100 % 尿素）、U₈ S₂ （80 % 尿素 + 20 % 硫酸铵）、U₆ S₄ （60 % 尿素 + 40 % 硫酸铵）和U₀ S₁₀ （100 % 硫酸铵）.应用常规方法进行土壤基本理化性质以及玉米植株干重的测定,通过 Illumina NovaSeq 平台进行微生物测序.结果表明:① 在玉米的各个生育期,施肥处理土壤 pH（7.85~8.15）与CK（8.1~8.21）相比都有所下降,并且随着硫酸铵比例的增加pH呈不断下降的趋势;② 在玉米各生育期土壤碱解氮含量随着硫酸铵比例的增加呈逐渐增加的趋势,U₀ S₁₀ 处理比CK和U₁₀ S₀ 处理分别提高了30.56 %~63.68 %和13.22 %~38.43 %;有机碳含量变化趋势为:U₈ S₂ > U₆ S₄ > U₀ S₁₀,但除苗期以外其他生育期添加硫酸铵的处理都仍高于U₁₀ S₀ 处理;③ 所有的施肥处理蛋白酶活性都高于对照,并且随着玉米的不断生长和硫酸铵比例的增加蛋白酶活性逐渐增强,U₀ S₁₀ 处理在玉米各生育期都高于U₁₀ S₀ 处理,提高了 10.54 %~100 %;各施肥处理土壤蔗糖酶活性范围为 0.04~0.24 mg·（g·24 h）^-1,并在所有生育期U₀ S₁₀ 处理都显著高于 U₁₀ S₀ 和CK处理,分别提高了20.32 %~99.16 %、24.31 %~79.33 %;④ 所有施肥处理的玉米根际细菌和真菌物种丰富度都低于 CK 处理,U₁₀ S₀ 处理仅低于CK,硫酸铵替代尿素的3个处理细菌群落物种多样性趋势为:U₈ S₂ > U₀ S₁₀ > U₆ S₄,真菌为:U₆ S₄ > U₈ S₂ > U₀ S₁₀ ;⑤ U₀ S₁₀ 和U₁₀ S₀ 处理玉米植株干重最大,分别比 CK 处理提高了39.47 %和36.16 %,U₀ S₁₀ 处理高于U₁₀ S₀ 处理但差异不显著;Pearson 模型表明相关环境变量对土壤根际真菌和细菌物种丰富度和多样性有一定影响,其中pH值和土壤碱解氮含量是影响微生物物种多样性的最主要因素.综上,在石灰性褐土的玉米种植中,以一定比例硫酸铵替代尿素比单施尿素更能提高土壤养分,在一定程度上影响了玉米生长及根际微生物群落,并且有更大的产出.     

秦岭中段不同恢复阶段弃耕农田植物多样性变化及其驱动因素

植被恢复过程往往伴随着显著的地上植物多样性的变化,探讨枯落物养分-土壤养分-酶活性化学计量对地上植被变化的驱动机制,对于维持区域生物多样性保护和生态稳定至关重要.以秦岭不同恢复年限（1、8、16、31和50 a）的典型弃耕农田为研究对象,通过野外调查分析了植被恢复过程中植物群落多样性的变化特征,测定了枯落物养分、土壤养分、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶（BG）、纤维二糖水解酶（CBH）、β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）、亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP）和酸性磷酸酶（AP）这5种胞外酶活性等指标,探讨了植被恢复过程中枯落物养分、土壤养分和酶活性化学计量比的变化特征及其对植物多样性变化的驱动机制.结果表明：植物群落多样性指数随植被恢复年限增加均呈先减小后增大的趋势,在恢复16 a时最小;主成分分析结果表明,植被恢复不同年限植物群落多样性指数及枯落物-土壤-酶化学计量特征之间有显著区别,植物群落多样性指数与枯落物碳磷比及枯落物氮磷比具有强烈的正相关关系,而与土壤酶碳磷比（EEA C∶P）具有明显的负相关关系;冗余分析结果表明EEA C∶P对植被恢复过程中植物多样性变化的解释率最高,为25.93%,其次为土壤全磷（TP）,解释率为5.94%,是调控植物多样性变化的关键因子.综上所述,秦岭中段弃耕农田植被恢复后期植物种类和数量明显增多,土壤环境的变化影响了微生物的代谢活动从而改变了酶活性,枯落物-土壤-土壤胞外酶通过反馈与调节对群落环境和植物多样性产生影响,EEA C∶P和TP是植被恢复过程中地上植物多样性变化的主要驱动因素.     

重要生态功能区干旱时空演变特征及对关键资源的影响:以黄河流域为例

基于温度-植被-降水的综合干旱指数（TVPDI）、地表径流、植被净初级生产力和粮食产量等数据,利用数据空间化方法、Slope趋势分析及Pearson相关分析等方法,探究了黄河流域从2001~2020年这20年间干旱时空变化特征以及对水资源、粮食资源和植被资源的影响,试图探究干旱与关键资源之间的相互影响.结果表明:①黄河流域干旱空间分布由东南向西北呈阶梯状加重,全流域有60.6 %的区域处于干旱状态;从变化看全流域干旱整体上呈逐年下降趋势,有94 %的区域由干旱逐渐向湿润转变,从春季到冬季干旱呈现先减轻后加重的趋势.②从流域重要资源的时空变化看,起关键作用的地表径流量有53 %的区域呈现增加趋势,且主要分布在流域西南地区;表征植被资源的植被净初级生产力（NPP）及表征粮食资源的粮食产量亦呈增长趋势.③干旱与3类资源呈现显著的空间关联度,干旱程度越高对地表径流量、植被生产力和粮食产量产生的影响越显著,但近年来变湿的地区,其重要资源并未显著增加,这说明干旱对3类重要资源的影响具有时间滞后性,且其滞后性在空间分布上具有显著差异性和地域分异规律.研究对于黄河流域农业生产和抗旱减灾、生态保育具有重要理论意义.