好氧-沉淀-厌氧工艺处理效能及抗冲击负荷研究

以传统活性污泥法（CAS）为参照,系统研究了好氧-沉淀-厌氧（OSA）污泥减量工艺连续运行240 d,污水处理效果、污泥性能、温度波动和难降解有毒物质的冲击对系统稳定性的影响.结果表明,OSA工艺废水处理效率整体上优于CAS工艺,COD去除效率略高于CAS,总氮、总磷去除率分别比CAS高出42 .58%和53 .84%.OSA和CAS工艺每100 g好氧污泥中生物结合的磷分别是2 .69 g和1 .11 g,进一步证实了OSA工艺有生物除磷功能.由于厌氧-好氧耦合,OSA污泥沉降性能和污泥活性都得到改善,SVI稳定在97左右, SOUR和脱氢酶活性均高于CAS污泥.OSA污泥胞外多聚物中蛋白质浓度比CAS高出1 .69 mg·g^-1,多糖浓度要比CAS低6 .7 mg·g^-1,解释了OSA污泥沉降性能改善的原因,也证实了污泥厌氧池的插入对污泥性能、微生物种群结构的影响.OSA工艺对温度波动的影响滞后于CAS工艺3～4 d,出水COD、NH^＋₄-Ｎ、SS均升高,污泥产率Y_{（ＭＬＳＳ/COD)}降低至0 .403 mg·mg^-1和0 .227 mg·mg^-1.OSA受对-硝基苯酚（PNP）的冲击比CAS更敏感,PNP浓度为10 mg·L^-1,系统完全失去脱氮除磷功能.OSA系统受温度和PNP冲击后,比CAS更难修复.     

柴油机排气微粒冷却演变特性的实验研究

对柴油机排气微粒在冷却条件下的演变特性进行了实验研究.结果表明,排气的冷却作用对微粒的质量浓度具有重要的影响.引起微粒质量浓度变化的主要原因是排气中气态碳氢的冷凝,从而增加了微粒的质量浓度.排气的冷却促使柴油机微粒增大,分布在0.01～1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒数量有所减少,特别是小于0.1 μm以下的小微粒,微粒数量下降的幅度相对较大,并且冷却温度越低,变化越明显.排气冷却后,0.1-1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒体积浓度呈减少的趋势.此外,流速对排气冷却条件下的微粒演变特性亦有一定的影响,随排气流速的降低,0.01～1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒数量浓度和体积浓度减小.     

京津冀地区道路碳排放量的演变及空间分布

以机动车碳排放模型为基础,结合不同类型机动车存活曲线,建立分车龄的车队构成,并利用年均行驶里程和燃油消耗量,分析了京津冀地区2005～2020年道路碳排放量的演变及区域分布特征.结果显示,河北省道路碳排放量增长迅速,近5a仍以7.14%的年均增长率快速增长,而北京和天津两市的道路碳排放已经进入低速增长期,近5a的年均增长率分别仅为1.01%和2.27%.小型客车一直都是道路碳排放的主力车型,其碳排放量占京津冀道路碳排放总量50%以上;轻型货车在北京市道路碳排放中的贡献越来越突出,而河北和天津两地轻型和重型货车正在逐渐发展为道路碳排放增长的主要驱动因素.从京津冀道路碳排放的4km×4km网格分布图可知,因北京和天津拥有更密集的道路,其碳排放强度远高于河北省.     

湖北省鹤峰县城区滑坡地质灾害风险评价

从地质环境条件出发,对湖北省鹤峰县城区15处地质灾害及隐患点(其中滑坡13处,崩塌2处)的发育分布特征进行论述,总结了研究区地质灾害的孕灾规律;基于孕灾影响因子,依托信息量法对鹤峰县城区滑坡地质灾害易发性进行分区,考虑滑坡规模大小超越概率、时间概率、空间概率,对研究区域分别进行了10 a、20 a、50 a和100 a...     

Two independent mechanisms of egg recognition in worker <Emphasis Type="Italic">Formica fusca</Emphasis> ants

Informational constraints can be an important limitation on the accuracy of recognition. One potential constraint is the use of recognition information from the same sources in multiple discriminatory contexts. Worker wood ants, Formica fusca, discriminate eggs based on their maternal sources of origin in two main contexts: recognition of eggs laid by nestmate versus non-nestmate queens and recognition of worker-laid versus queen-laid eggs. We manipulated the experience of F. fusca workers in laboratory colonies to both worker-laid and queen-laid eggs by transferring eggs between colonies in order to investigate whether these two contexts of egg discrimination are independent. Experience of non-nestmate queen-laid eggs significantly increased worker acceptance of both familiar (18% accepted) and unfamiliar (10%) queen-laid eggs compared to control workers without experience of eggs other than those laid by their own colony’s queen (2%). In contrast, worker acceptance of worker-laid eggs was not affected by variation in the egg experience of workers (14% in workers from control colonies exposed only to eggs from their own colony’s queen versus 19% and 17% in workers from colonies which had received eggs laid by either a non-nestmate queen or nestmate workers, respectively). Our results suggest that these two recognition contexts do not strongly constrain each other and are different in their ontogeny. In particular, worker-laid eggs are universally discriminated against by workers from colonies with a queen whatever the egg experience of the workers, while non-nestmate queen-laid eggs are strongly discriminated against only by workers without experience of eggs laid by more than one queen.     

Movement signal choreography unaffected by receiver distance in the Australian Jacky lizard, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Amphibolurus muricatus</Emphasis>

Theory explains the structure of animal signals in the context of the receiver sensory systems, the environment through which signals travel and their information content. The influence of signalling context on movement-based signalling strategies is becoming clearer. Building upon recent findings that demonstrated changing environmental plant motion conditions resulted in a change of signalling strategy by the Australian lizard Amphibolurus muricatus, we examined whether receiver distance also influences signalling strategies. We found that signalling lizards did not modify their introductory tail flicking in response to distant viewers in the absence of competing, irrelevant plant image motion despite significant reductions in signal structure at the eye of the viewer. The magnitude of resultant effect sizes strongly suggests that receiver distance does not contribute to signalling strategies as much as the presence of motion noise in the environment.     

酸沉降对马尾松菌根共生蛋白及营养关系影响

研究模拟酸雨及不同Ｃａ／Ａｌ比对马尾松（Ｐｉｎｕｓｍ ａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａ Ｌａｍ ｂ．）菌根中真菌与植物共生及营养关系的影响,在分子水平上揭示污染对生物的作用和生物抗性机理．当ｐＨ２０ 的模拟酸雨与铝共同作用时,马尾松菌根中酸性磷酸酶、硝酸还原酶以及海藻糖酶和甘露醇脱氢酶活性明显下降,即ｐＨ２０ 的模拟酸雨及铝离子对马尾松幼苗根的磷、氮吸收以及两共生生物之间的营养物质交换过程产生了影响,且铝离子在ｐＨ值低的情况下毒性作用更强;而钙能有效地缓解铝的毒性⒚在本实验中当Ｃａ／Ａｌ比为１／１ 时,缓解能力最强;在接种外生菌根真菌彩色豆马勃（Ｐｉｓｏｌｉｔｈｕｓｔｉｎｃｔｏｒｉｕｓ）后,马尾松幼苗根部酶活性仍能保持一定水平,植物对模拟酸雨及铝毒的抗性增强．菌根形成初期,经等点聚焦电泳后分离出在植物及真菌纯培养中均不存在的共生蛋白,其等电点为４７０,经ｐＨ２０的模拟酸雨处理后该蛋白仍存在     

土地开发利用中的环境影响预测及其保护措施

随着我国工业的发展和人口不断增加,粮食问题越显得更加重要,开发土地是解决这一问题的重要途径之一。但是土地资源的开发是一项复杂的系统工程,土地开发利用的过程,也是自然再生产的过程,在优越的条件下土壤会向着肥沃的方面发展,否则会向着相反的方面转化。以最大的可能性和最稳妥的管理措施,避免土地开发后对环境产生的不利影响,以保持农业持续稳定发展。     

深圳市土地开发和景观生态演变特征分析

本文在探讨深圳市上地资源的利用与开发的基础上,研究分析了其内部景观生态系统类型的结构,功能和组成快速演变的机制和特征。认为深圳市特殊的地理位置,经济发展模式,区位特征和大规模的土地开发是区域景观生态系统类型结构和组成快速演变的根本因素。     

Biosynthetic origin of carbon-based secondary compounds: cause of variable responses of woody plants to fertilization?

Summary. We propose that variation in the responses of carbon-based secondary compounds to fertilization in woody plants has a biosynthetic cause. The synthesis of phenylpropanoids and derived compounds (e.g., condensed tannins) competes directly with the synthesis of proteins, and therefore with plant growth, because of a common precursor, phenylalanine. In contrast, the biosynthesis of terpenoids and of hydrolyzable tannins proceeds presumably without direct competition with protein synthesis. Therefore, accelerated plant growth induced by fertilization may cause a reduction in concentrations of phenylpropanoids but may affect less or not at all the levels of other classes of secondary compounds. A meta-analysis based on fertilization experiments with 35 woody plant species supported the predicted differences fertilizing significantly decreased concentrations of phenylpropanoids but not of terpenoids or hydrolyzable tannins. Received 14 May 1998; accepted 23 June 1998.