中部四大城市群（圈）外商直接投资的时空演化与竞争格局

采用熵指数与偏移一分享分析方法,对中部四大城市群近10年来外商直接投资（FDI）的时空演化与竞争格局进行了定量分析。结果表明,中部城市群FDI在不断增长过程中有分散化的总趋势,但城市群之间差异显著,具有阶段性特征;中部城市群FDI偏移增长量逐年增加,城市群之间的偏移增长量远大于城市群内部;高正偏增长城市前期主要集中在武汉城市圈、长株潭城市群,近期转向皖江城市带、东部沿江地带和中原城市群内沿京广、陇海线交汇一带。     

Assessment of a composting process for the treatment of beef cattle manure

The intensive breeding of beef cattle in Juncosa de les Garrigues (Catalonia, Spain) leads to the production of a large volume of manure that needs appropriate management. Land application in the area at agronomic rates is not enough to ensure good management practices, making necessary extended on-farm storage and the export of part of the production to long distances. In this context, the implementation of a collective treatment based on composting could help in enhancing the handling of manure. We assessed a full-scale composting process based on turned windrows (W), and involving treatment of beef cattle manure (CM) alone (two typologies were considered according to carbon-to-nitrogen ratios of ~25 (CM1, W1) and ~14 (CM2, W2)), or mixed with bulking agent (CM2/BA, W3) and dewatered digested sewage sludge (CM2/BA/DDSS, W4). Composting significantly improved the transportability of nutrients (final volumes were 40–54% of the initial volume). Temperature >55°C was reached in all the treatments but following different time patterns. Under the applied conditions of turning and rewetting, 14 weeks of processing did not ensure the production of stable, and mature, compost. Thus, only compost from W1 attained the maximum degree of stability as well as concentration of ammonium–N < 0.01% (with ammonium–N/nitrate–N ratio of 0.2) and low phytotoxicity. However, high pH, salinity, and heavy metal contents (Cu and Zn) may limit its final use. Addition of BA was advised to be kept to minimum, whereas use of DDSS as a co-substrate was not recommended in agreement to the higher loss of N and levels of heavy metals in the final compost.     

底泥营养释放对城市景观水质影响的模拟研究

通过对天津市卫津河夏末底泥开展室内模拟,探讨重度富营养化河道底泥的氮、磷释放以及与上覆水浮游藻类种群变动的相互关联。结果表明:(1)以富营养湖水为上覆水较之蒸馏水能更快促进底泥氮、磷的释放。以湖水、蒸馏水为上覆水的处理组氨氮极大值分别为4.36、3.61mg/L;溶解性正磷酸盐极大值分别为110.3、81.9μg/L。(2)湖水样品室内培养后,优势蓝、绿藻门的细胞密度与生物量都成倍增长。添加底泥开展培养,蓝藻门和硅藻门快速增殖,绿藻门的生长因溶解性正磷酸盐的竞争与消耗而受到抑制。底泥营养释放导致上覆水层富营养化程度加剧,硅藻门的梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)被大量检出且增殖迅速。(3)上覆水为蒸馏水时,氮、磷营养自底泥的持续释放,促使绿藻门的土生绿球藻(Chlorococcum humicola)成为绝对优势种,藻类总生物量最高。     

Impact of degradation on nitrogen transformation in a forest ecosystem of India

A study was performed selecting one protected forest and an adjacent degraded forest ecosystem to quantify the impact of forest degradation on soil inorganic nitrogen, fine root production, nitrification, N-mineralization and microbial biomass N. There were marked seasonal variations of all the parameters in the upper 0–10 and lower 10–20 cm depths. The seasonal trend of net nitrification and net N-mineralization was reverse of that for inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass N. Net nitrification, net N-mineralization and fine root biomass values were highest in both forests during rainy season. On contrary, inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass N were highest during summer season. There was a marked impact of forest degradation on inorganic nitrogen, fine root production nitrification, N-mineralization and microbial biomass observed. Soil properties also varied with soil depth. Fine root biomass, nitrification, N-mineralization and microbial biomass N decreased significantly in higher soil depth. Degradation causes decline in mean seasonal fine root biomass in upper layer and in lower depth by 37% and 27%, respectively. The mean seasonal net nitrification and N-mineralization in upper depth decreased by 42% and 37%, respectively and in lower depth by 42.21% and 39% respectively. Similarly microbial biomass N also decreased by 31.16% in upper layer 33.19% in lower layer.     

Hierarchical eco-restoration: A systematical approach to removal of COD and dissolved nutrients from an intensive agricultural area

A systematical approach based on hierarchical eco-restoration system for the simultaneous removal of COD and dissolved nutrients was proposed and applied in a complex residential-cropland area in Kunming, China from August 2006 to August 2008, where the self-purifying capacity of the agricultural ecosystem had been lost. The system includes four main parts: (1) fertilizer management and agricultural structure optimization, (2) nutrients reuse, (3) wastewater treatment, and (4) catchment restoration. The results showed that the average removal efficiencies were 90% for COD, 93% for ammonia, 94% for nitrate and 71% for total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) when the hierarchical eco-restoration agricultural system was in a relatively steady-state condition. The emergence of 14 species of macrophytes and 4 species of zoobenthos indicated that the growth conditions for the plankton were improved. The results demonstrated that this promising and environmentally benign hierarchical eco-restoration system could decrease the output of nutrients and reduce downstream eutrophication risk.     

环渤海地区海洋经济发展进程中的生态环境响应及其影响因素

基于海洋经济发展进程的生态环境演化模型,建立了环渤海地区海洋经济与生态环境发展水平评价指标体系,通过构建响应度模型定量分析2004至2014年环渤海地区海洋经济发展的海洋生态环境响应变化及影响因素,得出以下结论:(1)通过构建海洋经济与生态环境发展水平评价指标体系及综合评价模型进行测算发现,环渤海地区海洋经济发展综合评价值由2004年的0.135提升至2014年的0.850,表明环渤海地区海洋经济发展水平不断提高,并呈现出良好的发展势头;海洋生态环境发展综合评价值先由2004年的0.647降至2012年的0.335,后又缓慢回升至2014年的0.374,表明环渤海地区海洋生态环境水平虽在2012至2014年间略有好转,但总体仍呈波动下降趋势。(2)通过构建海洋生态环境响应度模型进行测算发现,环渤海地区海洋经济发展的生态环境响应指数由2004年的-0.073下降至2012年的-0.576,而后又增大至2014年的-0.297,表明环渤海地区海洋经济发展对生态环境演变产生了"胁迫"影响,总体呈现出由"弱胁迫"向"强胁迫"变化的态势,但胁迫程度在2012至2014年间有所缓和。(3)通过多元回归分析发现,与海洋生态环境响应指数的偏回归系数较高的3个自变量分别为海洋科技课题成果应用数量、海域利用效率、单位面积工业废水排放达标量,且海域利用效率的回归系数最高为0.749。表明海域利用效率是影响环渤海地区海洋生态环境响应演变的主要因素,此外,海洋科技发展水平的提高以及海洋污染治理力度加强等因素也对胁迫程度的减小具有一定的推动作用。     

上海PRED系统的演变与发展战略研究

人口、资源、环境与发展的协调,是一研究内容宽泛而又复杂的课题,也是可持续发展的实质性内容。自８０年代以来,ＰＲＥＤ始终是我国区域研究的热点之一。本文在已有研究的基础上,首次以ＰＲＥＤ系统发 时间轨迹为线索,对上海１９７８－１９９５年这一具有特殊历史意义的时期中有关ＰＲＥＤ大量数据进行了分析。     

三峡库区柏木林降雨的再分配及养分循环研究

以三峡库区柏木林为对象,定量研究了雨季（７月）林分中降雨的再分配及Ｎ、Ｐ两种养分元素的循环过程。研究结果表明：１）穿透雨量占总降雨量的７９．７０％,树干茎流占总降雨量的１．１７％,树冠截留量占总降雨量的１９．１３％,地表径流系数平均为１９８％;２）由于淋溶作用,实际进入林地的穿透雨和树干茎流中总Ｎ和总Ｐ的含量均升高了较大的幅度。降雨时总Ｎ和总Ｐ含量的相对平衡值分别为０４６１ ｍｇ／Ｌ和０．０７５ ｍｇ／Ｌ,淋溶系数为１．８６和２．９４,迁移系数为０．５７和０．２９;３）柏木林生态系统中,Ｎ的总贮量为３６． ００ ｘ１０３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,Ｐ的总贮量为２．５１２ Ｘ １０３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,其绝大部分（Ｎ为 ９９． ５％, Ｐ为 ９８． ８％）贮藏在土壤库中; ４）在有燃料输出的情况下,系统中的 Ｎ和 Ｐ循环效率分别为０．４３和０．４１。燃料的输出导致系统Ｎ和Ｐ循环效率降低,土壤中养分减少,从而导致系统养分的缺乏,生产力下降。     

中国城市矿产政策演化研究

城市矿产是工业化和城市化过程的产物,它是蕴藏于城市中有较高经济价值并可回收利用的二次资源,具有载能性、循环性、战略性。随着工业化、城镇化和消费持续升级,"垃圾围城"已然成为中国许多大中城市亟需解决的环境问题,严重阻碍中国的可持续发展。城市矿产变废为宝,能有效化解资源与环境双重约束。为此,中国政府先后出台一系列城市矿产产业政策以推动其快速发展。本文收集1987—2015年国家层面颁布的相关政策文件,在运用内容分析法对政策文本梳理、编码并统计计量的基础上,首先从颁布部门、数量、力度等方面对政策体系进行总体分析,然后构建并运用政策工具-政策作用环节两维度分析框架,探讨中国城市矿产政策体系的演化过程及发展特征。研究发现:(1)从政策发展历程分析,中国城市矿产政策体系经历了依附环境保护政策的孕育期、体系初建的形成期和效力深化的发展期。(2)从政策颁布维度分析,中国城市矿产政策颁布速度逐渐加快,力度逐渐增强,参与机构数量不断增多。(3)从政策工具维度分析,中国城市矿产政策体系以环境型政策为主,逐渐呈现出强化供给型政策的演化趋势。(4)从政策作用环节分析,中国城市矿产政策体系由重点关注回收、深加工环节向关注全产业链环节演变。最后,针对中国城市矿产政策体系演变特征与存在的不足,本文从以下三个方面提出了促进中国城市矿产产业发展的政策建议:一是加强部际联系,完善顶层设计;二是加强消费引导,完善需求型政策;三是立足产品全生命周期,健全产业政策体系。     

兴凯湖百余年营养演化历史及营养物基准

兴凯湖是东北亚地区典型湖泊。20世纪末以来人类活动持续增强,该湖营养快速富集,水体生态状况发生转变,但其环境演化历史及营养本底等信息尚知之甚少。本研究基于对该湖多根沉积钻孔年代、元素及沉积硅藻等多指标的分析,重建了兴凯湖百余年来的环境变化历史。结果表明：兴凯湖历史上保持着良好的环境生态条件,21世纪第一个十年以前水体环境变化较小(硅藻种群弦距<0.0005),近20 a来,兴凯湖生态环境逐渐退化,硅藻从以低—中营养Aulacoseira granulata的优势组合逐渐转变为以Cyclostephanos dubius为代表的富营养组合,污染元素(Pb、Zn等)含量及沉积速率快速升高。基于种群相似性的对比发现2000 a前的硅藻种群变化较小,故采用1994—1998年的水体监测均值作为兴凯湖的营养基准,即水体总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)基准分别为35μg·L^-1及970μg·L^-1;结合参比元素回归分析得到的大、小兴凯湖沉积物TP基准分别为360 mg·kg^-1、500 mg·kg^-1,可作为该...