浮床水蕹菜对养殖水体中营养物的去除效果研究

为研究浮床水蕹菜对池塘养殖水质的改善效果,于2007年6月至11月,在6个2000m2的标准养殖池塘进行了中试研究.3个池塘放养常规鱼类和部分名优鱼类,并利用浮床技术在水面上种植200m2的水蕹菜（Ipomoea aquatica）,另外3个池塘放养相同重量的常规鱼类作为对照塘.实验结果显示,种植塘的渔产量为1467k...     

某简易垃圾填埋场渗滤液在场底天然土层迁移模拟与长期预测

为了解我国早期建设的简易填埋堆场底部天然土层中污染物迁移状况,作者以安徽某填埋场为例,在前期现场勘查、取样和室内测试工作基础上建立了三维有限元分析模型,对宏量有机污染物COD在土层中的迁移状况进行了模拟分析.通过拟合求参获得COD在该场底土层中扩散系数、机械弥散系数和阻滞因子等运移参数的合理取值,在此基础上开展了污染物...     

快速城市化背景下县域尺度农田氮素平衡状况的演变 ——以江苏省宜兴市为例

以苏南宜兴市为例,通过收支计算,揭示快速城市化背景下县域尺度农田土壤氮素平衡的演变及其主要影响因素.结果表明,自1985年以来,由于化肥施用量的大幅度下降和有机肥使用的减少,宜兴市农田氮素输入总量减少,氮素盈余由1985年的131.7kg/hm2减少至2008年的5.0kg/hm2,收支逐渐趋于平衡.这一变化有利于减少农田生态系统氮素的积累,从而降低非点源污染的危害.然而,人畜排泄物利用的减少虽然能够在一定程度上降低农田氮素的盈余,但增加了向水体的直接排放,从全局考虑不利于区域水环境质量的改善.     

Effect of nutrient conditions on the toxicity of naphthalene to Chlorella pyrenoidosa

The toxicity of naphthalene to a freshwater microalga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and the subsequent recovery of algae from the damage were investigated under two nutrient conditions, either enriched with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), or starved of N and P. Results showed that C. pyrenoidosa was more sensitive to naphthalene under N,P-enriched condition, and the inhibitory rate generally increased at first and then decreased gradually with the evaporation of naphthalene under both nutrient conditions. Enriched N, P reduced the inhibitory rate at initial naphthalene concentration of 5 and 10 mg/L, but enhanced it at 100 mg/L, at which more severe ultrastructure damages were found than those under N,P-starved condition. Observed damages included partly or totally disappearance of nucleolus, nuclear, and plasma membranes. According to the chlorophyll content and cell density measurements, C. pyrenoidosa could recover from naphthalene damage with initial concentrations 6 50 mg/L in 7 days under both nutrient conditions, while they could not recover if the initial concentration of naphthalene was at 100 mg/L. Under the N,P-starved condition, the inability of C. pyrenoidosa to recover from the naphthalene damage was consistent with the results of high inhibitory rate, low value of specific growth rate (SGR, 0.05 day??1), and the severe destruction of cell structure. However, under the N,P-enriched conditions, the observed lower inhibitory rate, higher value of SGR (0.55 day??1), and the intact cell structure of most cells suggested that algae could potentially recover from the naphthalene damage.     

地表水中藻类代谢对pH和含氧量影响分析

藻类代谢对地表水中含氧量和pH均产生影响。藻类光合作用放出氧气,导致地表水中的含氧量增加。藻类光合作用吸收二氧化碳,影响地表水中碳酸及碳酸盐的平衡,导致地表水中pH偏向碱性。地表水中存在的弱酸及弱酸盐也会影响地表水中pH的变化。在同样的光合作用条件下,如果地表水中碳酸及碳酸盐浓度高,则pH变化小;如果地表水中碳酸及碳酸盐浓度低,则pH变化大。     

粉煤灰基质复合滤料吸附Mn^2＋试验研究

以粉煤灰基质复合滤料为吸附材料,通过单因素和正交实验相结合的实验方法,考察了吸附滤料投加量、吸附时间、原水初始浓度、振荡频率、温度等因素对除锰效果的影响。从单因素实验可知：随着滤料质量的增大,Mn2＋去除率在开始时增长幅度较大,后来逐渐趋于平缓。在正交实验中固定滤料投加量为300 g/L,发现在锰离子的吸附过程中,吸附时间的影响最大,随后分别是原水浓度和温度,振荡频率的影响程度最小。     

兰州城区大气PM2.5污染特征及来源解析

为探究兰州城区PM_(2.5)的污染特征及其来源,分别在兰州市城关区和西固区设置PM_(2.5)采样点,于2013年10月(非采暖期)和12月(采暖期)采集样品并进行分析,得到了PM_(2.5)及其16种化学组成的质量浓度.结果表明,兰州城区PM_(2.5)污染水平较高,平均质量浓度为129μg·m~(-3).样品无机元素平均质量浓度为:SCaFeAlMgPbZnMnTiCu,其中S、Ca、Fe、Al的质量浓度在1μg·m~(-3)以上,是主要元素组分;样品各无机元素质量浓度表现为采暖期高于非采暖期,城关区高于西固区.样品水溶性离子平均质量浓度为:SO~(2-)_4NO~-_3NH~+_4Cl~-K~+Na~+,其中SO~(2-)_4、NO~-_3、NH~+_4的质量浓度在10μg·m~(-3)以上,是主要离子组分;样品各水溶性离子质量浓度表现为采暖期高于非采暖期,西固区高于城关区.富集因子(EF)分析结果表明,元素Al、Ca、Mg、Ti的EF值均小于1以自然来源为主;元素Cu、Pb、S、Zn的EF值显著大于10,表明这4种元素在PM_(2.5)中高度富集,且主要源于人为活动造成的污染.主成分分析结果表明,交通排放源、生物质燃烧源、土壤源和二次粒子对兰州城区大气PM_(2.5)贡献显著.     

Community structure and elevational diversity patterns of soil Acidobacteria

Acidobacteria is one of the most dominant and abundant phyla in soil,and was believed to have a wide range of metabolic and genetic functions. Relatively little is known about its community structure and elevational diversity patterns. We selected four elevation gradients from 1000 to 2800 m with typical vegetation types of the northern slope of Shennongjia Mountain in central China. The vegetation types were evergreen broadleaved forest,deciduous broadleaved forest,coniferous forest and sub-alpine shrubs. We analyzed the soil acidobacterial community composition,elevational patterns and the relationship between Acidobacteria subdivisions and soil enzyme activities by using the 16 S rRNA meta-sequencing technique and multivariate statistical analysis. The result found that 19 known subdivisions as well as an unclassified phylotype were presented in these forest sites,and Subdivision 6 has the highest number of detectable operational taxonomic units(OTUs). A significant single peak distribution pattern(P 0.05) between the OTU number and the elevation was observed. The Jaccard and Bray–Curtis index analysis showed that the soil Acidobacteria compositional similarity significantly decreased(P 0.01) with the increase in elevation distance. Mantel test analysis showed the most of the soil Acidobacteria subdivisions had the significant relationship(P 0.01) with different soil enzymes. Therefore,soil Acidobacteria may be involved in different ecosystem functions in global elemental cycles. Partial Mantel tests and CCA analysis showed that soil pH,soil temperature and plant diversity may be the key factors in shaping the soil Acidobacterial community structure.     

Electro-Fenton法的影响因素及研究进展

Electro-Fenton法是一种新型的电催化氧化技术,具有"环境友好"的特点,是一种高级氧化技术(AOPs)。结合国内外Electro-Fenton法的研究近况,阐述Fenton法的作用机理及主要影响因素,主要受pH值、O2流量、温度、电流密度、Fe2+离子浓度、电极间距离、电解质及电极材料等因素影响,结合具体的废水对主要反应参数进行总结,分析作用机理。对Electro-Fenton法的研究发展趋势提出了一些观点。     

基于车流和大气污染物浓度同步增量的机动车平均排放因子估算方法

机动车尾气排放已成为城市大气污染的主要来源并受到了高度关注.机动车排放因子是反映机动车排放状况的最基本参数,但实测排放因子代价较高、代表范围有限,基于国外排放模式估算的排放因子又与我国的实际排放状况存在一定差距.本研究首先基于早高峰时段车流量和道路附近大气污染物浓度呈近线性增加、气象条件和背景污染物浓度相对稳定的特征,将时段内污染物浓度的增加主要归因为车流的增加,从而建立车流和污染物浓度增量之间的关系;然后采用无限线源高斯扩散模式,反推道路实际行驶机动车的平均排放因子.以北京市一条主干道为例,利用早高峰车流量、污染物浓度、气象观测数据,进行了实例研究,并将研究结果同COPERT4排放模型的预测结果进行了对比.本研究和COPERT4排放模型预测的8月一氧化碳平均排放因子分别为2.0 g·km-1和1.2 g·km-1,12月分别为5.5 g·km-1和5.2 g·km-1.结果表明,本方法估算的机动车排放因子在数值大小及季节变化上均与COPERT4排放模型较为接近.所提方法通过消除背景浓度的干扰,为实时获取车队实际排放因子提供了一种新思路.