长江口盐沼植物对营养盐和重金属的吸收、分布与滞留研究

测定3种盐沼植物体内TN、TP、重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量,计算了3种盐沼植物地上部分TN、TP和重金属库的大小.结果表明,3种盐沼植物在养分的分配模式上显著不同,3种盐沼植物地上部分重金属含量均低于地下部分;互花米草地上部分的养分库和重金属库均大于芦苇和海三棱镳草,表明其对养分和重金属的吸收与滞留效率更高.如果从湿地植物净化的角度来考虑,收获互花米草对河口环境的净化作用最佳,特别对P的去除效率最高;但另一方面,互花米草的入侵将会显著改变长江口湿地生态系统的生物地球化学循环过程,如提高沉积物中重金属的生物可利用性,有可能把更多的重金属输入河口水体和食物网,使湿地成为重金属的源而不是汇.     

两种大型海藻自然环境下的营养动力学研究

在室外条件下,对菊花江蓠(Gracilaria lichenoides)及龙须菜(G.Lemaneiformis)的N、P吸收动力学及生长动力学进行了研究.两海藻对NO3-N、NH4-N及PO4-P的最大吸收速率(Vmax)分别为55.88、35.17 μmol/(g·h)、3.106 μmol/(g·h)和53.17、32.24 、3.064 μmol/(g·h);半饱和常数(Ks)分别为7.762、3.414 、0.222 μmol/L和6.331、2.345、0.110 μmol/L,两海藻对N营养的竞争能力相似;从生长动力学结果看:菊花江蓠N、P的最大生长浓度为60 和30 μmol/L,龙须菜为100和40 μmol/L.     

Nutrient release from fish silage using microwave-enhanced advanced oxidation process

The microwave-enhanced advanced oxidation process was used to treat fish silage for nutrient release and solids reduction prior to its use as a fertilizer for greenhouse operations. Fifteen sets of experiments with varying hydrogen peroxide dosages and treatment temperatures were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the process on the solubilization of fertilizer constituents. It was found that up to 26% of total Kjeldahl nitrogen could be released as ammonia with 6% hydrogen peroxide dosage at 170°C. An increase of nitrate/nitrite concentration was observed with higher hydrogen peroxide dosage and higher microwave temperature; the highest concentration of 10.2 mg L^{? 1} nitrates/nitrites was achieved at at 170°C and 6% H₂O₂ dosage. Up to 20 ± 9.5% of total chemical oxygen demand was reduced at temperatures between 120 and 170°C. Large quantities of volatile fatty acids were generated at lower temperatures, corresponding to an increase in soluble chemical oxygen demand, but not at higher temperatures. The treatment of fish silage using the microwave-enhanced advanced oxidation process appears to be promising.     

北京市第三产业用水特征及其发展策略

第三产业在北京市的产业格局中占有日益重要的地位,从水资源配置的视角探寻三产结构优化策略具有重要现实意义。采用LMDI分解方法,定量分析北京市第三产业用水结构变化驱动力特征,基于投入产出法计算各行业部门的用水系数,并进行用水特性和行业关联的聚类分析。结果表明,产业规模的快速增长是第三产业用水需求增长的决定性因素,2007-2013年间,累计使总用水量增加了34 476.24万m~3,产业结构效应和技术效应则对用水量的增加起抑制作用,两者分别使用水量减少2 861.29万m~3和21 908.17万m~3,产业结构效应和技术效应对用水的抑制作用不及经济产出效应对用水的拉动作用,最终导致用水量的增长。不同行业之间的用水系数有较大差异,水利、环境和公共设施管理、教育等行业的用水系数相对较大,批发和零售业、金融业的用水系数相对较小,科学研究技术服务和地质勘查等行业的用水乘数较大。第三产业中的高用水行业包括住宿和餐饮业等7个行业部门,潜在高用水行业包括批发和零售业等6个行业;一般用水行业为居民服务和其他服务业。聚类分析结果表明,对于诸如租赁和商务服务业及科学研究技术服务业等感应度系数较大的行业,应优先保障水资源的供给,使用高配额、低水价的管理方式;对于文化体育业等感应度系数较小的行业,可使用低配额、高水价的管理方式,限制用水量;对于配额高且水耗低的产业,可采取水权转让手段,将富余的水权转让给水耗高且产出高的产业。最后,针对研究结果,提出水权交易、技术推广、政策管理与机制构建四方面建议,为第三产业经济增长与用水之间的协调发展提供借鉴。     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers occurrence in major inflowing rivers of Lake Chaohu (China): Characteristics,potential sources and inputs to lake

Eight commonly occurring polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), including BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, 207, and 209, were investigated in water samples from seven major inflowing rivers of Lake Chaohu to determine the distribution characteristics, potential sources and inputs to the lake. The sum of 8 BDE congeners (Σ₈PBDEs) had a concentration varied from 0.31 to 84 ng L⁻¹, with those of BDE 209, BDE 47, BDE 99, and BDE 153 being 0.31–83, <0.012–0.36, <0.012–1.3, and <0.012–0.77 ng L⁻¹, respectively. These levels were in the high range of the global PBDEs concentrations in the water environments. The highest concentrations of Σ₈PBDEs were detected in the western rivers, of which the main pollution sources were strongly related to human activities in urban centers, such as automobile-derived wastes. A sewage treatment plant was likely an important source of the lower brominated BDEs input to one western river. The correlation analyses (all p < 0.05) between PBDEs and DOC, TN, TP, and EC, suggested that the distributions and sources of PBDEs in rivers might also be related with the soil erosion by heave floods. Σ₈PBDEs input to Lake Chaohu from the rivers outlets was estimated at 344 kg yr⁻¹ during the flood season. BDE 209 was the dominant contributor with an input of 340 kg yr⁻¹, followed by BDE 99 (1.3 kg yr⁻¹), BDE 47 (0.83 kg yr⁻¹) and BDE 153 (0.60 kg yr⁻¹).     

碳源对静置/好氧/缺氧SBR脱氮除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,分别以丙酸钠、乙酸钠/丙酸钠(1∶2碳/碳)、乙酸钠和葡萄糖为外加碳源,建立同步脱氮除磷的静置/好氧/缺氧序批式反应器(SOA-SBR)。通过比较长期运行过程中各反应器的脱氮除磷效果,考察不同碳源对静置/好氧/缺氧SBR脱氮除磷性能的影响,并通过分析典型周期内氮、磷元素及微生物体内储能物质的变化,探究其影响机理。结果表明,丙酸钠为碳源时SBR能获得96%的最佳除磷效果以及78.3%的总氮去除率;乙酸钠为单一碳源时可取得92.3%的除磷率和93.7%的总氮去除率;而混合碳源对于氮、磷的去除能力介于丙酸钠和乙酸钠之间;葡萄糖为单一碳源时系统对于磷和总氮的去除率仅26%和36.7%。丙酸钠和乙酸钠均能取得良好的同步脱氮除磷效果,但乙酸钠对总氮去除能力更佳。通过分析典型周期中内聚物含量变化表明,微生物体内聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)和糖原质含量的变化与系统反硝化能力和溶解性正磷酸盐(SOP)去除效果呈正相关性。     

热解温度和时间对污泥生物碳理化性质的影响

污泥热解制备生物碳是一种环境友好的污泥处理处置途径。重点考察了热解温度及时间等因素对生物碳品质的影响。污泥取自厦门某城市污水处理厂脱水污泥（初始含水率为80%）,热解实验结果表明,随着热解温度的升高（从300～700℃）,热解时间的增加（2～4 h）,生物碳产率均下降;低温热解时（300℃）,生物碳偏酸性,而高温热解时（700℃）,生物碳偏碱性;生物碳N含量随着热解温度的升高、热解时间的增加而降低,而P、K及微量元素随着热解温度的升高,热解时间的增加而增加。DTPA浸提实验结果表明,高温热解能降低污泥生物碳中微量元素的有效性。     

以应对自然灾害为核心的应急资源投入保障机制研究

应急资源是应急管理工作的重要支撑力量,其保障能力的形成是通过应急资源投入保障机制实现的。针对以应对自然灾害为核心的应急资源投入保障机制,以应急资源投入保障机制的五大主体(中央政府、地方政府、中央部门、地方部门、社会力量)为研究枢纽,系统地梳理了我国应急资源投入保障机制的现状;结合重大案例,以保障过程的三个环节(资金筹集、资金使用和保障能力形成、监督协调)为研究线索分析当前我国应急资源投入保障机制存在的问题,并寻找出其核心症结,即缺少专门的应急资金体系支持应急管理工作和没有统一的应急管理机构;针对核心症结,进行思考并提出相应的政策建议:设立应急管理专用资金体系和建立一体化的应急管理机构。     

富营养水体中浮游植物生长的营养限制研究

选取位于武汉城郊汤逊湖畔的30个养殖池塘作为研究对象,运用营养盐加富试验评价了浮游植物生长的氮磷限制类型。研究发现这些池塘的氮磷含量均较高,尤其是TP,绝大部分都在0.4 mg/L以上,TN/TP(原子比)变化范围为1.7~20.3。相关分析显示,浮游植物的生物量与氮素(TN,TDN,NO3-,NH4+,NO2-)显著正相关(r=0.402~0.677,P<0.05);但与磷素(TP,TDP,PO43-)无显著相关性(P>0.05)。营养盐加富试验显示浮游植物群落对加N的响应程度要显著大于加P;受N限制的池塘数量占50%;P限制的占13.3%;N、P共同限制的占23.3%;而不受N、P影响的仅占13.3%。这些结果表明:在富营养的水体中,当TP浓度>0.4 mg/L且TN/TP<20时,N是限制浮游植物生长的主要因子,P处于第二位。     

Identification of anthropogenic influences on water quality of rivers in Taihu watershed

Surface water bodies are progressively subjected to stress as a result of anthropogenic activities. This study assessed and examined the impact of human activities on spatial variation in the water quality of 19 rivers in the Taihu watershed. Concentrations of physicochemical parameters of surface water quality were determined at the mouth of each river during the period of 2000-2004. Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to identify characteristics of the water quality in the studied rivers. The results showed that rivers strongly influenced by household wastewater have the highest concentrations of nutrients （TN and TP）. Moreover, rivers in the vicinity of a metropolis presented low dissolved oxygen （DO） levels. However, organic-chemical pollution （petroleum and volatile phenolics） was identified with high localization. Two rivers influenced by sewage from industry and ships were distinguished from other rivers with high values of petroleum. The Taige channel, a river located in Changzhou City that is strongly influenced by wastewater from industry, was characterized with an extraordinarily high value of volatile phenolics. Rivers passing through countries, especially through hilly countries were characterized with high DO contents and low nutrient and organic-chemical pollution, suggesting that agriculture puts less pressure on water quality in adjacent rivers. Therefore, more effort should be made in controlling point pollution to restore water quality in rivers adjacent to cities.