投入产出技术在城市环境总体规划中的应用研究

城市环境总体规划不但要统筹城市内部环境要素,还要理清城市主体与外部区域、城市内部产业部门间的关系,避免孤立、静态地看待一个城市。环境投入产出技术能够追朔城市产业部门的体现资源消耗与污染排放（直接与间接）,特别是能够建立城市与外部区域、城市内产业部门的耦合关系,并实现动态变化过程驱动的结构解析。北京市1987年-2007年结构解析显示：1987年-2007年间,需求规模和直接能耗强度是北京市能源消费总量变动的主要影响因素,但需求规模的扩张对能耗增长的正向促进影响效果日趋强劲,而能量消耗强度负向效应却日益减弱。     

载镁天然沸石复合材料对污水中氮磷的同步回收

采用载镁天然沸石为沉淀剂,以鸟粪石的形式回收模拟污水中的营养物质,考察了投加量、溶液pH、反应时间和共存Ca~(2+)对回收过程的影响,并利用FTIR、XRD、BET和SEM等手段对回收沉淀产物进行了化学组分和表面形貌分析,以揭示其回收机制.结果表明当材料投加量为0.4 g·L~(-1),溶液初始pH为7,反应时间为2 h时,载镁天然沸石对溶液中磷酸盐和氨氮的回收性能最佳,最大吸附量分别高达119.2 mg·g~(-1)和48.5 mg·g~(-1).载镁天然沸石对溶液中磷酸盐和氨氮的回收过程均符合拟二级动力学模型(R~20.99).载镁天然沸石对污水中营养物质的回收机制有鸟粪石化学沉淀、物理吸附、离子交换和静电吸附等,其中以鸟粪石沉淀法为主.共存Ca~(2+)会干扰载镁沸石对溶液中氮磷的同步回收,导致回收的沉淀组分除鸟粪石晶体外,还会存在部分磷酸钙等副产物.     

太湖附泥藻类生物量空间分布及其与环境营养盐的关系

为了揭示富营养化浅水湖泊附泥藻类空间分布及其与环境营养盐之间的关系,于2015年6月9—15日对太湖进行高密度布点采样,研究了太湖表层沉积物上附泥藻类生物量及表层沉积物和水柱中氮、磷等营养盐含量的空间分布特征及其相互关系.结果表明,太湖附泥藻类生物量(以叶绿素a表征)空间异质性明显,最小值为0.07μg·g-1,最大值为1.66μg·g-1,平均值为0.34μg·g-1.附泥藻类生物量在太湖西北部及东太湖较高,其次是贡湖湾、梅梁湾及东部沿岸,在西南部湖区较低;太湖水体中氮、磷等元素含量也存在明显的空间变化,水体中氮、磷含量在竺山湾、梅粱湾及太湖西部明显高于其它湖区;太湖表层沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)、氮、磷等元素含量空间异质性显著,表层沉积物中总磷及各种形态磷含量的空间分布特征与水体中总氮、总磷分布特征类似,表层沉积物总氮及TOC的含量在太湖西北部(包括竺山湾)、梅梁湾、东部湖区(包括东太湖、胥口湾)较高,在西南部湖心区较低;太湖附泥藻类生物量与水体氮、磷含量、沉积物氮、磷及不同形态磷(Ca-P除外)含量均呈显著正相关关系(r≥0.18,p0.05).由此可见,太湖附泥藻类生物量的空间异质性既受水体氮、磷浓度的影响,也受沉积物氮、磷等营养水平的制约.本研究结果可为进一步研究附泥藻类在太湖生态系统中功能,以及深入探求太湖富营养化治理途径提供一定的理论依据.     

鼎湖山三种森林类型土壤养分特征及其相关性分析研究

对鼎湖山三种森林类型土壤pH值和养分特征及其相关性进行调查与分析,结果表明:鼎湖山三种森林类型土壤pH值在3.72~4.31之间,属于强酸性土,而且随着土壤深度增加pH值逐渐升高;土壤有机质在6.83～78.43 g·kg-1之间,有机质较丰富.三种森林类型土壤全氮、碱解氮、全钾含量平均值分别为1.53 g·kg-1、384.15 mg·kg-1、24.86 g·kg-1,含量较高,而全磷、速效磷、速效钾含量平均值分别为0.44 g·kg-1、14.29 mg·kg-1、73.38 mg·kg-1,含量相对较低,各种形态钙、镁的含量也比较低.土壤养分含量基本上是季风常绿阔叶林>针阔叶混交林>马尾松林,而且随着深度增加而含量逐渐减少.土壤pH值与有机质、氮、磷、钾、钙、镁等养分都呈现出极显著负相关,而土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾等养分之间均表现为显著或极显著正相关.     

长江口最大浑浊带潮滩沉积物间隙水营养盐剖面研究

2005-03～2006-02对长江口崇明东滩高、中、低潮滩3个典型站点沉积物间隙水中各营养盐成分含量及其随深度的变化做了为期1a的逐月观测.结果显示,研究区域间隙水中NH₄⁺和SiO₃^2-的浓度一般在200～500μmol/L之间,高、中、低潮滩间显示出了不同的分布态势;与高潮滩和中潮滩相比,没有植被覆盖、粒径较粗的低潮滩往往具有较高的NH+4浓度和较低的SiO₃^2-浓度;     

Nutrient cycling characteristics of Quercus acutissima and Pinus massoniana mixed forest in the Three-Gorge Reservoir area, China

The cycling characteristics of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) of the Quercus acutissima and Pinus massoniana mixed forest, which is the most common forest type in the Three Gorge Reservoir areas in China, were systematically analyzed. The results showed that N, P and K accumulated in the plant pool and in the litter pool, while total N, P, and K were deficient in the soil pool and in the forest systems. Contents of N in the soil of depth 20-40 cm were the key factor limiting growth of trees. The biological outside cycling coefficients were 8.78, 72.5 and 11.7 times of inside cycling coefficients of N, P and K, respectively. 33.92, 10.26 and 15.88 kg of N, P and K return to the litter pool from branches, leaves and throughfall per year, but, 14.31, 1.32 and 10.48 kg of N, P and K return to the soil from litter pool per year respectively. It is clear that 58% of N, 87% of P, and 34% of K are lost by surface runoff per year. 5.49%, 1.30%, and 8.34% of N, P and K withdraw from leaves to branches, 4.99%, 1.99% and 7.30% of N, P and K withdraw from branches to trunks per year,respectively.     

中德国际合作磴口县有机农业项目区土壤环境质量现状评价与对策建议

本文按照磴口县生态环境特点，分析测定了该县有机农业发展区域土壤的养分含量状况以及污染元素、微量元素含量和农药残留量，认为土壤有机质在0．76—1．31％之间，含量较低，需要增施有机肥提高土壤有机质含量。土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾的含量均高于一级指标。肥力水平优良；土壤pH平均8．83，为微碱性。土壤中微量元素不缺，无重金属和农药污染现象。适合于发展有机农业，生产高品质和安全的有机食品。     

Impacts of earthworms on soil nutrients and plant growth in soybean and maize agroecosystems

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of earthworms on soil N pools and plant growth in soybean and maize agroecosystems. The species and number of individuals in earthworm communities were manipulated in plot-scale field enclosures (2.4 m × 1.2 m) by first reducing earthworm populations within enclosures with carbaryl pesticide, and then adding earthworm treatments to the enclosures. Soybean was grown in the enclosures in the first year and stover maize in the second year.The success of earthworm manipulations in field enclosures was affected by climate conditions and available food resources. The endogeic earthworm species Aporrectodea caliginosa was dominant in all enclosures, while introduced anecic Lumbricus terrestris earthworms had poor survival. In the first season, when climate conditions were favourable for earthworm survival and growth, there was a significant (P < 0.05) linear increase in soil mineral-N and microbial biomass N concentrations in the 0–15 cm depth of enclosures with more earthworms. Similarly, soybean grain and grain-N yield was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in enclosures with the largest earthworm populations than the control which had no earthworms added. In the second season, when climate conditions were less favourable, there was no effect of earthworms on soil N pools or maize plants, probably due to poor survival of introduced earthworms.     

Streptomyces venezuelae GY1产聚乙烯醇降解酶的培养条件

放线菌StreptomycesvenezuelaeGY1产生的聚乙烯醇(PVA)降解酶是一种诱导酶.以4种不同类型的PVA为唯一碳源时,该菌株单位质量细胞产酶能力比以糖类物质为唯一碳源时提高10倍以上.聚合度和醇解度最高的PVA1799是该菌株产生PVA降解酶的适宜底物,其浓度为1gL-1时,PVA降解酶的产量为120u/g(细胞).培养基中PVA1799浓度由1gL-1上升到5gL-1时,该菌株单位质量细胞产酶能力下降73%,表明PVA1799浓度过高会抑制产酶.GY1菌株产酶的最适温度和pH分别为30℃和7.0.在GY1菌株生长过程中控制以下条件有利于产生PVA降解酶:(1)保持培养体系中较高的溶氧水平;(2)在氮源中补充NO-3;(3)在一定浓度范围内添加MgSO4·7H2O、CaCl2、MnSO4、BaCl2、ZnSO4、FeSO4·7H2O和CuSO4等金属盐.Pseudomonassp.产生的PVA降解酶能够作用伯醇或仲醇类化合物,以这些伯醇或仲醇类化合物代替培养基中的PVA,不能诱导GY1菌株产生PVA降解酶;而在培养基中有PVA存在时,再添加0.5gL-1的3戊醇和环己醇能够明显促进PVA降解酶的产生(单位质量细胞产酶能力分别提高了21%和32%).图8表1参10     

A hydrodynamic and water quality modeling study of spatial and temporal patterns of phytoplankton growth in a stratified lake with buoyant incoming flow

A three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model was applied to Lake Paldang, a lake in South Korea that is stratified by incoming flows. The spatial and temporal patterns of phytoplankton growth in this lake were determined from the model. The model was calibrated and verified using data measured under different hydrological conditions. The model results were in reasonable agreement with the field measurements, in both the calibration and verification phases. The distributions of water quality and residence time in the lake and phytoplankton response to changes in nutrient loads were examined with the model, and the influence of the hydrodynamics on phytoplankton response was analyzed. The simulation results indicated that Lake Paldang is an essentially phosphorus-limited system, but that phytoplankton growth is limited by low water temperature and short residence time during the winter and the summer monsoon period, respectively. The results of sensitivity analyses also suggested that the hydrodynamics within the lake may have an indirect influence on phytoplankton responses to changes in the limiting nutrient loads, and that reducing phosphorus loading from Kyoungan Stream should be a high priority policy for controlling algal blooms during the pre- and post-monsoon periods. From this study, it was concluded that the three-dimensional water quality model incorporating hydrodynamic processes could successfully simulate phytoplankton response to changes in nutrient loads and that it could become a useful tool for identifying the essential factors determining phytoplankton growth and for developing the best management policy for algal blooms in Lake Paldang.